CAT(1)                           User Commands                          CAT(1)



NAME
       cat - concatenate files and print on the standard output

SYNOPSIS
       cat [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
       Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.

       -A, --show-all
              equivalent to -vET

       -b, --number-nonblank
              number nonempty output lines

       -e     equivalent to -vE

       -E, --show-ends
              display $ at end of each line

       -n, --number
              number all output lines

       -s, --squeeze-blank
              suppress repeated empty output lines

       -t     equivalent to -vT

       -T, --show-tabs
              display TAB characters as ^I

       -u     (ignored)

       -v, --show-nonprinting
              use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

EXAMPLES
       cat f - g
              Output f’s contents, then standard input, then g’s contents.

       cat    Copy standard input to standard output.

AUTHOR
       Written by Torbjorn Granlund and Richard M. Stallman.

REPORTING BUGS
       Report cat bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
       GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
       Report cat translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright  ©  2010  Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+: GNU
       GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This is free software: you are free  to  change  and  redistribute  it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       The  full  documentation for cat is maintained as a Texinfo manual.  If
       the info and cat programs are properly installed at your site, the com-
       mand

              info coreutils 'cat invocation'

       should give you access to the complete manual.



GNU coreutils 8.4                February 2017                          CAT(1)

리눅스 기본명령어 - cat #

cat은 리눅스/유닉스 초보자들이 가장 많이 배우는 명령중 하나이다. cat은 concatenate 또는 catenate에서 따온 이름이다. cat 명령은 파일이름을 인자로 받아서 그 내용을 쭉 이어주는 역할을 한다. 결국 어떤 내용을 받아서 그냥 그대로 터미널 화면에 뿌려주는 역할을 한다.

$ cat [옵션] [파일명]

간단 사용법은 다음과 같다.

$ cat file
$ cat file1 file2 file3

즉 파일 한 개 이상의 내용을 화면에 출력할 때 이용한다. 한 화면을 넘어가더라도 그냥 쭉 계속해서 출력한다. 만약 내용이 한 화면이상이면 제대로 읽을 수 없기 때문에 보통 more, less 명령어와 같이 사용한다.

두번째 사용법은

$ cat file(s) > file2

파일 여러개를 합쳐서 하나의 큰 파일을 만들 때 사용한다. 여기서 주의할 점은 만들어 지는 새로운 파일은 기존에 있는 파일이 아니라 새로운 파일이어야 한다. 만약 기존에 있는 파일이라면 기존 파일을 덮어쓰게 된다. 즉 기존 내용은 삭제되고 만다.

$ cat file file2 file3 > file4

이와 같이 사용하면 해당 파일 세 개의 파일을 모두 합쳐서 새로운 file4로 만들어 주는 것이다. file, file1, file2의 내용은 기존 내용과 달라지지 않는다.

세번째 사용법은

$ cat file1 >> file2

이 경우에는 기존에 있는 file2에 file1의 내용을 덧붙여준다. 그러면 file1의 내용이 기존 파일 file2의 맨 끝에 붙여서 새로운 파일이 생성이 된다.

네번째 사용법은

$ cat > new_file

새로운 파일을 만들 때 사용한다. 이는 touch new_file과 같은 효과를 만들지만 이 경우에는 명령어를 입력한 후에 표준 입력으로 키보드에서 입력한 내용을 파일에 저장된다. 입력이 끝나게 되면 CTRL-d를 입력하면 새로운 내용이 저장된 새로운 파일이 만들어진다. 이 경우에는 초보자가 에디터 사용에 익숙하지 않을 경우에 사용하면 유용하다.

옵션 #

• -b: 줄번호를 화면 왼쪽에 나타낸다. 비어있는 행은 제외한다.
• -e: 제어 문자를 ^ 형태로 출력하면서 각 행의 끝에 $를 추가한다.
• -n: 줄번호를 화면 왼쪽에 나타낸다. 비어있는 행도 포함한다.
• -s: 연속되는 2개이상의 빈 행을 한행으로 출력한다.
• -v: tab과 행 바꿈 문자를 제외한 제어 문자를 ^ 형태로 출력한다.
• -E: 행마다 끝에 $ 문자를 출력한다.
• -T: 탭(tab) 문자를 출력한다.
• -A: -vET 옵션을 사용한 것과 같은 효과를 본다.

팁 #

출력할 파일의 내용이 너무 많아 한 화면에 다 보이지 않고 넘어가버리는 경우 more명령어와 함께 사용하면 조금더 읽기 편해진다.

$ cat file | more

TAIL(1)                          User Commands                         TAIL(1)



NAME
       tail - output the last part of files

SYNOPSIS
       tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
       Print  the  last  10  lines of each FILE to standard output.  With more
       than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file  name.   With
       no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

       Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
       too.

       -c, --bytes=K
              output the last K bytes; alternatively,  use  -c  +K  to  output
              bytes starting with the Kth of each file

       -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]
              output appended data as the file grows; -f, --follow, and --fol-
              low=descriptor are equivalent

       -F     same as --follow=name --retry

       -n, --lines=K
              output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n +K to
              output lines starting with the Kth

       --max-unchanged-stats=N
              with  --follow=name,  reopen  a  FILE which has not changed size
              after N (default 5) iterations to see if it has been unlinked or
              renamed  (this  is  the  usual case of rotated log files).  With
              inotify, this option is rarely useful.

       --pid=PID
              with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies

       -q, --quiet, --silent
              never output headers giving file names

       --retry
              keep trying to open a file even when it is or becomes inaccessi-
              ble; useful when following by name, i.e., with --follow=name

       -s, --sleep-interval=N
              with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds (default 1.0) between
              iterations.

              With inotify and --pid=P, check process P at least once every  N
              seconds.

       -v, --verbose
              always output headers giving file names

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       If  the  first  character of K (the number of bytes or lines) is a ‘+’,
       print beginning with the Kth item from the start of each  file,  other-
       wise,  print  the  last  K  items in the file.  K may have a multiplier
       suffix: b  512,  kB  1000,  K  1024,  MB  1000*1000,  M  1024*1024,  GB
       1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.

       With  --follow  (-f),  tail  defaults to following the file descriptor,
       which means that even if a tail’ed file is renamed, tail will  continue
       to  track  its  end.   This  default behavior is not desirable when you
       really want to track the actual name of the file, not the file descrip-
       tor (e.g., log rotation).  Use --follow=name in that case.  That causes
       tail to track the named file  in  a  way  that  accommodates  renaming,
       removal and creation.

AUTHOR
       Written  by Paul Rubin, David MacKenzie, Ian Lance Taylor, and Jim Mey-
       ering.

REPORTING BUGS
       Report tail bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
       GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
       General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
       Report tail translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.   License  GPLv3+:  GNU
       GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
       This  is  free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
       There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

SEE ALSO
       The full documentation for tail is maintained as a Texinfo manual.   If
       the  info  and  tail  programs are properly installed at your site, the
       command

              info coreutils 'tail invocation'

       should give you access to the complete manual.



GNU coreutils 8.4                February 2017                         TAIL(1)

리눅스 기본명령어 - tail #

tail 명령어는 파일의 마지막 행을 기준으로 지정한 행까지의 파일내용 일부를 출력한다. 기본 값으로 마지막 10줄을 출력해 준다. 참고로 head 명령어의 경우에는 파일의 앞 부분을 출력한다. cat, more, less 등 파일의 내용을 출력하는 명령어와 다르게 tail은 리눅스에서 오류나 파일 로그를 실시간으로 확인할 때 매우 유용하게 사용된다.

$ tail [옵션] [파일]

명령어를 사용 시 옵션없이 사용할 경우, 파일의 끝부터 디폴트 값인 10개 행을 표준출력한다. 여러 개의 파일이 입력될 경우, 입력된 파일들에 대해 각각 10개 행씩 출력한다. 파일명이 입력되지 않으면 표준입력을 읽어들인다.

$ tail test.txt

디폴트 값이 아니라 지정한 행까지 출력을 할 경우 -n 옵션을 이용하여 아래와 같이 옵션 값을 입력한다. 반대로 파일의 특정 행부터 마지막 행까지 출력하고 싶은 경우에는 '+'를 이용한다.

$ tail -n 20 test.txt
$ tail +20 test.txt

행 단위 대신 byte를 기준으로 입력할 수도 있다.

$ tail -c 200 test.txt

오류나 파일 로그를 실시간으로 모니터링할 경우에는 -f 옵션을 사용한다. -f 옵션을 사용할 경우 파일의 마지막부터 10줄을 출력하며, 종료되지 않은채 표준입력을 읽어들여 출력해준다. 출력을 종료하고 싶은 경우에는 Ctrl + c 를 사용한다.

$ tail -f /var/log/messages.log

옵션 #

• -c, --bytes=K : 줄 단위가 아니라 bytes 단위로 파일의 마지막 부분을 출력한다. -c +K 와 같이 입력하면 파일의 시작부터 K번째 bytes까지 출력한다.
• -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] : 파일의 마지막부터 10줄을 출력해주고 종료되지 않은채 표준입력을 읽어 들인다. -f, --follow, --follow=descriptor 모두 동일한 의미를 가지기 때문에 어느 것을 사용해도 상관없다.
• -F : 파일 변동 시 실시간으로 출력하되 로그파일처럼 특정 시간이 지난 후 파일이 변하게 되면 새로운 파일을 오픈하여 출력한다.
• -n, --lines=K : K 값을 입력할 경우 마지막 10줄 대신 마지막에서 K 번째 줄까지 출력한다.
• -q : 파일의 이름을 header에 출력하지 않는다.
• -s : -f 옵션과 함께 사용하며, N초(default 1.0)의 시간 간격마다 파일에 새로운 줄이 추가되었는지 검사한다.
• -v : 항상 파일의 이름을 header에 출력한다.

GREP(1)                                                                GREP(1)



NAME
       grep, egrep, fgrep - print lines matching a pattern

SYNOPSIS
       grep [OPTIONS] PATTERN [FILE...]
       grep [OPTIONS] [-e PATTERN | -f FILE] [FILE...]

DESCRIPTION
       grep  searches the named input FILEs (or standard input if no files are
       named, or if a single hyphen-minus (-) is given as file name) for lines
       containing  a  match to the given PATTERN.  By default, grep prints the
       matching lines.

       In addition, two variant programs egrep and fgrep are available.  egrep
       is  the  same  as  grep -E.   fgrep  is  the  same  as grep -F.  Direct
       invocation as either egrep or fgrep is deprecated, but is  provided  to
       allow historical applications that rely on them to run unmodified.

OPTIONS
   Generic Program Information
       --help Print  a  usage  message  briefly summarizing these command-line
              options and the bug-reporting address, then exit.

       -V, --version
              Print the version number of grep to the standard output  stream.
              This  version  number should be included in all bug reports (see
              below).

   Matcher Selection
       -E, --extended-regexp
              Interpret PATTERN as an extended regular  expression  (ERE,  see
              below).  (-E is specified by POSIX.)

       -F, --fixed-strings, --fixed-regexp
              Interpret  PATTERN  as  a  list  of  fixed strings, separated by
              newlines, any of which is to be matched.  (-F  is  specified  by
              POSIX,  --fixed-regexp  is an obsoleted alias, please do not use
              it new scripts.)

       -G, --basic-regexp
              Interpret PATTERN  as  a  basic  regular  expression  (BRE,  see
              below).  This is the default.

       -P, --perl-regexp
              Interpret  PATTERN as a Perl regular expression.  This is highly
              experimental and grep -P may warn of unimplemented features.

   Matching Control
       -e PATTERN, --regexp=PATTERN
              Use PATTERN as  the  pattern.   This  can  be  used  to  specify
              multiple search patterns, or to protect a pattern beginning with
              a hyphen (-).  (-e is specified by POSIX.)

       -f FILE, --file=FILE
              Obtain patterns  from  FILE,  one  per  line.   The  empty  file
              contains  zero  patterns, and therefore matches nothing.  (-f is
              specified by POSIX.)

       -i, --ignore-case
              Ignore case distinctions in  both  the  PATTERN  and  the  input
              files.  (-i is specified by POSIX.)

       -v, --invert-match
              Invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines.  (-v
              is specified by POSIX.)

       -w, --word-regexp
              Select only those  lines  containing  matches  that  form  whole
              words.   The  test is that the matching substring must either be
              at the  beginning  of  the  line,  or  preceded  by  a  non-word
              constituent  character.  Similarly, it must be either at the end
              of the line or followed by  a  non-word  constituent  character.
              Word-constituent   characters   are  letters,  digits,  and  the
              underscore.

       -x, --line-regexp
              Select only those matches that exactly  match  the  whole  line.
              (-x is specified by POSIX.)

       -y     Obsolete synonym for -i.

   General Output Control
       -c, --count
              Suppress  normal output; instead print a count of matching lines
              for each input file.  With the -v,  --invert-match  option  (see
              below), count non-matching lines.  (-c is specified by POSIX.)

       --color[=WHEN], --colour[=WHEN]
              Surround   the  matched  (non-empty)  strings,  matching  lines,
              context lines, file  names,  line  numbers,  byte  offsets,  and
              separators  (for fields and groups of context lines) with escape
              sequences to display them in color on the terminal.  The  colors
              are  defined  by  the  environment  variable  GREP_COLORS.   The
              deprecated environment variable GREP_COLOR is  still  supported,
              but  its setting does not have priority.  WHEN is never, always,
              or auto.

       -L, --files-without-match
              Suppress normal output; instead print the  name  of  each  input
              file from which no output would normally have been printed.  The
              scanning will stop on the first match.

       -l, --files-with-matches
              Suppress normal output; instead print the  name  of  each  input
              file  from  which  output would normally have been printed.  The
              scanning will stop on the first  match.   (-l  is  specified  by
              POSIX.)

       -m NUM, --max-count=NUM
              Stop  reading  a file after NUM matching lines.  If the input is
              standard input from a regular file, and NUM matching  lines  are
              output,  grep  ensures  that the standard input is positioned to
              just after the last matching line before exiting, regardless  of
              the  presence of trailing context lines.  This enables a calling
              process to resume a search.  When grep stops after NUM  matching
              lines,  it  outputs  any trailing context lines.  When the -c or
              --count option is also  used,  grep  does  not  output  a  count
              greater  than NUM.  When the -v or --invert-match option is also
              used, grep stops after outputting NUM non-matching lines.

       -o, --only-matching
              Print only the matched (non-empty) parts  of  a  matching  line,
              with each such part on a separate output line.

       -q, --quiet, --silent
              Quiet;   do   not  write  anything  to  standard  output.   Exit
              immediately with zero status if any match is found, even  if  an
              error  was  detected.   Also see the -s or --no-messages option.
              (-q is specified by POSIX.)

       -s, --no-messages
              Suppress error messages about nonexistent or  unreadable  files.
              Portability note: unlike GNU grep, 7th Edition Unix grep did not
              conform to POSIX, because it lacked -q and its -s option behaved
              like  GNU  grep’s  -q option.  USG-style grep also lacked -q but
              its -s option behaved like GNU  grep.   Portable  shell  scripts
              should  avoid  both  -q  and -s and should redirect standard and
              error output to /dev/null instead.  (-s is specified by  POSIX.)

   Output Line Prefix Control
       -b, --byte-offset
              Print  the 0-based byte offset within the input file before each
              line of output.  If -o (--only-matching) is specified, print the
              offset of the matching part itself.

       -H, --with-filename
              Print  the  file  name for each match.  This is the default when
              there is more than one file to search.

       -h, --no-filename
              Suppress the prefixing of file names on  output.   This  is  the
              default  when there is only one file (or only standard input) to
              search.

       --label=LABEL
              Display input actually  coming  from  standard  input  as  input
              coming   from  file  LABEL.   This  is  especially  useful  when
              implementing tools like zgrep, e.g.,  gzip  -cd  foo.gz  |  grep
              --label=foo -H something.  See also the -H option.

       -n, --line-number
              Prefix  each  line of output with the 1-based line number within
              its input file.  (-n is specified by POSIX.)

       -T, --initial-tab
              Make sure that the first character of actual line  content  lies
              on a tab stop, so that the alignment of tabs looks normal.  This
              is useful with options that prefix their output  to  the  actual
              content:  -H,-n,  and  -b.   In order to improve the probability
              that lines from a single file will all start at the same column,
              this also causes the line number and byte offset (if present) to
              be printed in a minimum size field width.

       -u, --unix-byte-offsets
              Report Unix-style byte offsets.   This  switch  causes  grep  to
              report  byte offsets as if the file were a Unix-style text file,
              i.e., with  CR  characters  stripped  off.   This  will  produce
              results  identical  to  running  grep  on  a Unix machine.  This
              option has no effect unless -b option is also used;  it  has  no
              effect on platforms other than MS-DOS and MS-Windows.

       -Z, --null
              Output  a  zero  byte  (the  ASCII NUL character) instead of the
              character that normally follows a file name.  For example,  grep
              -lZ  outputs  a  zero  byte  after each file name instead of the
              usual newline.  This option makes the output  unambiguous,  even
              in the presence of file names containing unusual characters like
              newlines.  This option can  be  used  with  commands  like  find
              -print0,  perl  -0,  sort  -z, and xargs -0 to process arbitrary
              file names, even those that contain newline characters.

   Context Line Control
       -A NUM, --after-context=NUM
              Print NUM  lines  of  trailing  context  after  matching  lines.
              Places  a  line  containing  a  group separator (described under
              --group-separator) between contiguous groups of  matches.   With
              the  -o  or  --only-matching  option,  this  has no effect and a
              warning is given.

       -B NUM, --before-context=NUM
              Print NUM  lines  of  leading  context  before  matching  lines.
              Places  a  line  containing  a  group separator (described under
              --group-separator) between contiguous groups of  matches.   With
              the  -o  or  --only-matching  option,  this  has no effect and a
              warning is given.

       -C NUM, -NUM, --context=NUM
              Print NUM lines of output context.  Places a line  containing  a
              group  separator  (described  under  --group-separator)  between
              contiguous groups of matches.  With the  -o  or  --only-matching
              option, this has no effect and a warning is given.

       --group-separator=SEP
              Use  SEP  as  a group separator. By default SEP is double hyphen
              (--).

       --no-group-separator
              Use empty string as a group separator.

   File and Directory Selection
       -a, --text
              Process a binary file as if it were text; this is equivalent  to
              the --binary-files=text option.

       --binary-files=TYPE
              If the first few bytes of a file indicate that the file contains
              binary data, assume that the file is of type TYPE.  By  default,
              TYPE  is  binary,  and  grep  normally outputs either a one-line
              message saying that a binary file  matches,  or  no  message  if
              there  is no match.  If TYPE is without-match, grep assumes that
              a binary file does not match;  this  is  equivalent  to  the  -I
              option.   If TYPE is text, grep processes a binary file as if it
              were text; this is equivalent to the -a option.   Warning:  grep
              --binary-files=text  might output binary garbage, which can have
              nasty side effects if the  output  is  a  terminal  and  if  the
              terminal driver interprets some of it as commands.

       -D ACTION, --devices=ACTION
              If  an  input  file  is  a device, FIFO or socket, use ACTION to
              process it.  By  default,  ACTION  is  read,  which  means  that
              devices are read just as if they were ordinary files.  If ACTION
              is skip, devices are silently skipped.

       -d ACTION, --directories=ACTION
              If an input file is a directory, use ACTION to process  it.   By
              default,  ACTION is read, i.e., read directories just as if they
              were  ordinary  files.   If  ACTION  is  skip,   silently   skip
              directories.   If  ACTION  is recurse, read all files under each
              directory, recursively, following symbolic links  only  if  they
              are on the command line.  This is equivalent to the -r option.

       --exclude=GLOB
              Skip   files  whose  base  name  matches  GLOB  (using  wildcard
              matching).  A file-name  glob  can  use  *,  ?,  and  [...]   as
              wildcards,  and  \  to  quote  a wildcard or backslash character
              literally.

       --exclude-from=FILE
              Skip files whose base name matches any of  the  file-name  globs
              read  from  FILE  (using  wildcard  matching  as described under
              --exclude).

       --exclude-dir=DIR
              Exclude directories matching  the  pattern  DIR  from  recursive
              searches.

       -I     Process  a  binary  file as if it did not contain matching data;
              this is equivalent to the --binary-files=without-match option.

       --include=GLOB
              Search only files whose base name matches GLOB  (using  wildcard
              matching as described under --exclude).

       -r, --recursive
              Read  all  files  under  each  directory, recursively, following
              symbolic links only if they are on the command  line.   This  is
              equivalent to the -d recurse option.

       -R, --dereference-recursive
              Read  all  files  under each directory, recursively.  Follow all
              symbolic links, unlike -r.

   Other Options
       --line-buffered
              Use line buffering on output.   This  can  cause  a  performance
              penalty.

       -U, --binary
              Treat  the  file(s) as binary.  By default, under MS-DOS and MS-
              Windows, grep guesses the file type by looking at  the  contents
              of  the first 32KB read from the file.  If grep decides the file
              is a text file, it strips the CR characters  from  the  original
              file  contents  (to  make  regular expressions with ^ and $ work
              correctly).  Specifying -U overrules this guesswork, causing all
              files  to be read and passed to the matching mechanism verbatim;
              if the file is a text file with CR/LF pairs at the end  of  each
              line,  this  will  cause some regular expressions to fail.  This
              option has no effect on platforms  other  than  MS-DOS  and  MS-
              Windows.

       -z, --null-data
              Treat  the  input  as  a set of lines, each terminated by a zero
              byte (the ASCII NUL character) instead of a newline.   Like  the
              -Z  or --null option, this option can be used with commands like
              sort -z to process arbitrary file names.

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
       A regular expression is a pattern that  describes  a  set  of  strings.
       Regular   expressions   are   constructed   analogously  to  arithmetic
       expressions, by using various operators to combine smaller expressions.

       grep understands three different versions of regular expression syntax:
       “basic,” “extended” and “perl.” In GNU grep, there is no difference  in
       available  functionality between basic and extended syntaxes.  In other
       implementations, basic regular  expressions  are  less  powerful.   The
       following   description   applies   to  extended  regular  expressions;
       differences for basic regular expressions  are  summarized  afterwards.
       Perl   regular  expressions  give  additional  functionality,  and  are
       documented  in  pcresyntax(3)  and  pcrepattern(3),  but  may  not   be
       available on every system.

       The  fundamental building blocks are the regular expressions that match
       a single character.  Most characters, including all letters and digits,
       are regular expressions that match themselves.  Any meta-character with
       special meaning may be quoted by preceding it with a backslash.

       The period . matches any single character.

   Character Classes and Bracket Expressions
       A bracket expression is a list of characters enclosed by [ and  ].   It
       matches  any  single  character in that list; if the first character of
       the list is the caret ^ then it matches any character not in the  list.
       For  example,  the  regular  expression [0123456789] matches any single
       digit.

       Within a  bracket  expression,  a  range  expression  consists  of  two
       characters separated by a hyphen.  It matches any single character that
       sorts  between  the  two  characters,  inclusive,  using  the  locale’s
       collating  sequence  and  character set.  For example, in the default C
       locale, [a-d] is equivalent to [abcd].  Many locales sort characters in
       dictionary   order,  and  in  these  locales  [a-d]  is  typically  not
       equivalent to [abcd]; it might be equivalent to [aBbCcDd], for example.
       To  obtain  the  traditional interpretation of bracket expressions, you
       can use the C locale by setting the LC_ALL environment variable to  the
       value C.

       Finally,  certain  named  classes  of  characters are predefined within
       bracket expressions, as follows.  Their names are self explanatory, and
       they   are   [:alnum:],  [:alpha:],  [:cntrl:],  [:digit:],  [:graph:],
       [:lower:], [:print:], [:punct:], [:space:], [:upper:], and  [:xdigit:].
       For  example,  [[:alnum:]]  means  the  character  class of numbers and
       letters in the current locale. In the C locale and ASCII character  set
       encoding,  this is the same as [0-9A-Za-z].  (Note that the brackets in
       these class names are part of the symbolic names, and must be  included
       in  addition  to the brackets delimiting the bracket expression.)  Most
       meta-characters lose their special meaning inside bracket  expressions.
       To  include  a  literal  ]  place  it first in the list.  Similarly, to
       include a literal ^ place it anywhere but first.  Finally, to include a
       literal - place it last.

   Anchoring
       The caret ^ and the dollar sign $ are meta-characters that respectively
       match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line.

   The Backslash Character and Special Expressions
       The symbols \< and \>  respectively  match  the  empty  string  at  the
       beginning and end of a word.  The symbol \b matches the empty string at
       the edge of a word, and \B matches the empty string provided  it’s  not
       at the edge of a word.  The symbol \w is a synonym for [_[:alnum:]] and
       \W is a synonym for [^_[:alnum:]].

   Repetition
       A regular expression may be  followed  by  one  of  several  repetition
       operators:
       ?      The preceding item is optional and matched at most once.
       *      The preceding item will be matched zero or more times.
       +      The preceding item will be matched one or more times.
       {n}    The preceding item is matched exactly n times.
       {n,}   The preceding item is matched n or more times.
       {,m}   The  preceding  item  is matched at most m times.  This is a GNU
              extension.
       {n,m}  The preceding item is matched at least n  times,  but  not  more
              than m times.

   Concatenation
       Two  regular  expressions  may  be  concatenated; the resulting regular
       expression matches any string formed by  concatenating  two  substrings
       that respectively match the concatenated expressions.

   Alternation
       Two  regular  expressions  may  be  joined by the infix operator |; the
       resulting  regular  expression  matches  any  string  matching   either
       alternate expression.

   Precedence
       Repetition  takes  precedence  over  concatenation, which in turn takes
       precedence over alternation.  A whole expression  may  be  enclosed  in
       parentheses   to   override   these   precedence   rules   and  form  a
       subexpression.

   Back References and Subexpressions
       The back-reference \n, where n is a single digit, matches the substring
       previously  matched  by  the  nth  parenthesized  subexpression  of the
       regular expression.

   Basic vs Extended Regular Expressions
       In basic regular expressions the meta-characters ?, +, {, |, (,  and  )
       lose  their  special  meaning; instead use the backslashed versions \?,
       \+, \{, \|, \(, and \).

       Traditional egrep did not support the { meta-character, and some  egrep
       implementations  support \{ instead, so portable scripts should avoid {
       in grep -E patterns and should use [{] to match a literal {.

       GNU grep -E attempts to support traditional usage by assuming that { is
       not   special  if  it  would  be  the  start  of  an  invalid  interval
       specification.  For example, the command grep -E ’{1’ searches for  the
       two-character  string  {1  instead  of  reporting a syntax error in the
       regular expression.  POSIX allows this behavior as  an  extension,  but
       portable scripts should avoid it.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       The   behavior  of  grep  is  affected  by  the  following  environment
       variables.

       The locale for category LC_foo is  specified  by  examining  the  three
       environment  variables  LC_ALL, LC_foo, LANG, in that order.  The first
       of these variables that is set specifies the locale.  For  example,  if
       LC_ALL  is not set, but LC_MESSAGES is set to pt_BR, then the Brazilian
       Portuguese locale is used for the LC_MESSAGES category.  The  C  locale
       is  used  if none of these environment variables are set, if the locale
       catalog is not installed, or if grep was  not  compiled  with  national
       language support (NLS).

       GREP_OPTIONS
              This variable specifies default options to be placed in front of
              any  explicit  options.   For  example,   if   GREP_OPTIONS   is
              ’--binary-files=without-match  --directories=skip’, grep behaves
              as  if  the   two   options   --binary-files=without-match   and
              --directories=skip   had  been  specified  before  any  explicit
              options.  Option specifications are separated by whitespace.   A
              backslash  escapes  the  next  character,  so  it can be used to
              specify an option containing whitespace or a backslash.

       GREP_COLOR
              This variable specifies the  color  used  to  highlight  matched
              (non-empty) text.  It is deprecated in favor of GREP_COLORS, but
              still supported.  The mt, ms, and mc capabilities of GREP_COLORS
              have  priority  over  it.  It can only specify the color used to
              highlight the matching non-empty text in any  matching  line  (a
              selected  line  when the -v command-line option is omitted, or a
              context line when -v is specified).  The default is 01;31, which
              means  a  bold  red  foreground  text  on the terminal’s default
              background.

       GREP_COLORS
              Specifies the colors and  other  attributes  used  to  highlight
              various  parts  of  the  output.  Its value is a colon-separated
              list      of      capabilities      that       defaults       to
              ms=01;31:mc=01;31:sl=:cx=:fn=35:ln=32:bn=32:se=36  with  the  rv
              and ne boolean capabilities omitted  (i.e.,  false).   Supported
              capabilities are as follows.

              sl=    SGR  substring  for  whole selected lines (i.e., matching
                     lines when the -v command-line option is omitted, or non-
                     matching  lines  when  -v  is specified).  If however the
                     boolean rv capability and the -v command-line option  are
                     both  specified,  it  applies  to  context matching lines
                     instead.  The default  is  empty  (i.e.,  the  terminal’s
                     default color pair).

              cx=    SGR substring for whole context lines (i.e., non-matching
                     lines when the -v  command-line  option  is  omitted,  or
                     matching  lines  when  -v  is specified).  If however the
                     boolean rv capability and the -v command-line option  are
                     both specified, it applies to selected non-matching lines
                     instead.  The default  is  empty  (i.e.,  the  terminal’s
                     default color pair).

              rv     Boolean  value  that reverses (swaps) the meanings of the
                     sl= and cx= capabilities when the -v command-line  option
                     is specified.  The default is false (i.e., the capability
                     is omitted).

              mt=01;31
                     SGR substring for matching non-empty text in any matching
                     line  (i.e.,  a  selected  line  when the -v command-line
                     option  is  omitted,  or  a  context  line  when  -v   is
                     specified).   Setting  this is equivalent to setting both
                     ms= and mc= at once to the same value.  The default is  a
                     bold   red   text   foreground   over  the  current  line
                     background.

              ms=01;31
                     SGR substring for matching non-empty text in  a  selected
                     line.  (This is only used when the -v command-line option
                     is omitted.)  The effect  of  the  sl=  (or  cx=  if  rv)
                     capability  remains  active  when  this  kicks  in.   The
                     default is a bold red text foreground  over  the  current
                     line background.

              mc=01;31
                     SGR  substring  for  matching non-empty text in a context
                     line.  (This is only used when the -v command-line option
                     is  specified.)   The  effect  of  the cx= (or sl= if rv)
                     capability  remains  active  when  this  kicks  in.   The
                     default  is  a  bold red text foreground over the current
                     line background.

              fn=35  SGR substring for file names prefixing any content  line.
                     The  default  is  a  magenta  text  foreground  over  the
                     terminal’s default background.

              ln=32  SGR substring for  line  numbers  prefixing  any  content
                     line.   The  default  is a green text foreground over the
                     terminal’s default background.

              bn=32  SGR substring for  byte  offsets  prefixing  any  content
                     line.   The  default  is a green text foreground over the
                     terminal’s default background.

              se=36  SGR substring for separators that  are  inserted  between
                     selected  line  fields  (:), between context line fields,
                     (-), and between groups of adjacent  lines  when  nonzero
                     context  is  specified  (--).  The default is a cyan text
                     foreground over the terminal’s default background.

              ne     Boolean value that prevents clearing to the end  of  line
                     using  Erase  in  Line  (EL) to Right (\33[K) each time a
                     colorized item ends.  This  is  needed  on  terminals  on
                     which  EL  is  not  supported.  It is otherwise useful on
                     terminals for which the  back_color_erase  (bce)  boolean
                     terminfo  capability  does  not  apply,  when  the chosen
                     highlight colors do not affect the background, or when EL
                     is  too  slow or causes too much flicker.  The default is
                     false (i.e., the capability is omitted).

              Note that boolean capabilities have no  =...   part.   They  are
              omitted (i.e., false) by default and become true when specified.

              See  the  Select  Graphic  Rendition  (SGR)   section   in   the
              documentation  of  the  text terminal that is used for permitted
              values  and  their  meaning  as  character  attributes.    These
              substring  values are integers in decimal representation and can
              be concatenated with semicolons.  grep takes care of  assembling
              the  result  into  a  complete  SGR sequence (\33[...m).  Common
              values to concatenate include 1 for bold, 4 for underline, 5 for
              blink,  7 for inverse, 39 for default foreground color, 30 to 37
              for foreground colors, 90 to 97  for  16-color  mode  foreground
              colors,  38;5;0  to  38;5;255  for  88-color and 256-color modes
              foreground colors, 49 for default background color, 40 to 47 for
              background  colors,  100  to  107  for  16-color mode background
              colors, and 48;5;0 to 48;5;255 for 88-color and 256-color  modes
              background colors.

       LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LANG
              These  variables specify the locale for the LC_COLLATE category,
              which determines the collating sequence used to interpret  range
              expressions like [a-z].

       LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LANG
              These  variables  specify  the locale for the LC_CTYPE category,
              which determines the type of characters, e.g., which  characters
              are whitespace.

       LC_ALL, LC_MESSAGES, LANG
              These variables specify the locale for the LC_MESSAGES category,
              which determines the language that grep uses for messages.   The
              default C locale uses American English messages.

       POSIXLY_CORRECT
              If  set, grep behaves as POSIX requires; otherwise, grep behaves
              more like other GNU programs.  POSIX requires that options  that
              follow  file  names  must  be treated as file names; by default,
              such options are permuted to the front of the operand  list  and
              are  treated as options.  Also, POSIX requires that unrecognized
              options be diagnosed as “illegal”, but since they are not really
              against  the  law  the default is to diagnose them as “invalid”.
              POSIXLY_CORRECT  also   disables   _N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_,
              described below.

       _N_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_
              (Here  N is grep’s numeric process ID.)  If the ith character of
              this environment variable’s value is 1, do not consider the  ith
              operand  of  grep to be an option, even if it appears to be one.
              A shell can put  this  variable  in  the  environment  for  each
              command  it  runs,  specifying which operands are the results of
              file name wildcard expansion and therefore should not be treated
              as  options.   This  behavior  is  available only with the GNU C
              library, and only when POSIXLY_CORRECT is not set.

EXIT STATUS
       Normally, the exit status is 0  if  selected  lines  are  found  and  1
       otherwise.   But  the exit status is 2 if an error occurred, unless the
       -q or --quiet or --silent option is used and a selected line is  found.
       Note,  however,  that  POSIX  only mandates, for programs such as grep,
       cmp, and diff, that the exit status in case of error be greater than 1;
       it  is  therefore  advisable, for the sake of portability, to use logic
       that tests for  this  general  condition  instead  of  strict  equality
       with 2.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright 1998-2000, 2002, 2005-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

       This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is
       NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR  A  PARTICULAR
       PURPOSE.

BUGS
   Reporting Bugs
       Email  bug reports to <bug-grep@gnu.org>, a mailing list whose web page
       is <http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/bug-grep>.   grep’s  Savannah
       bug tracker is located at <http://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/?group=grep>.

   Known Bugs
       Large  repetition  counts  in the {n,m} construct may cause grep to use
       lots of memory.  In addition, certain other obscure regular expressions
       require  exponential  time  and space, and may cause grep to run out of
       memory.

       Back-references are very slow, and may require exponential time.

SEE ALSO
   Regular Manual Pages
       awk(1), cmp(1), diff(1), find(1), gzip(1),  perl(1),  sed(1),  sort(1),
       xargs(1),  zgrep(1),  read(2),  pcre(3), pcresyntax(3), pcrepattern(3),
       terminfo(5), glob(7), regex(7).

   POSIX Programmer’s Manual Page
       grep(1p).

   TeXinfo Documentation
       The full documentation for grep is  maintained  as  a  TeXinfo  manual,
       which you can read at http://www.gnu.org/software/grep/manual/.  If the
       info and grep programs are properly installed at your site, the command

              info grep

       should give you access to the complete manual.

NOTES
       This  man  page  is maintained only fitfully; the full documentation is
       often more up-to-date.

       GNU’s not Unix, but Unix is a beast; its plural form is Unixen.



User Commands                    GNU grep 2.20                         GREP(1)

리눅스 기본명령어 - grep #

grep 명령은 파일 내에서 지정한 패턴이나 문자열을 찾은 후에, 그 패턴을 포함하고 있는 모든 행을 표준 출력해 준다. 물론, 한 디렉토리 내에서 지정한 패턴을 포함하는 파일을 출력할 수도 있다. grep 명령은 하나 이상의 파일로부터 프로그램 수정 등을 위해 변수, 또는 함수명을 찾을 때 많이 사용된다.

$ grep [옵션] [찾을 문자열 정규 표현식] [파일명]

여기서 ‘문자열’은 사용자가 찾으려는 단어 또는 구를 나타내고 ‘파일명’은 검색 대상 파일이다. ‘문자열’은 하나 또는 여러 문자를 의미한다. 단일 문자도 단어나 문장과 같이 하나의 문자열이다. 문자열에는 “빈칸”, 구두점과 보이지 않는 (제어) 문자들이 포함될 수 있다. 파일명은 지정하면 해당 파일에서만 찾지만, 파일명을 * 와 같은 메타문자를 사용하면 현재 디렉토리의 모든 파일을 대상으로 하므로 디렉토리내의 모든 파일내에서 해당 문자열을 찾게된다. ***(추가)

$grep "run[-] time" ch04

이 구문은 ch04라는 파일에서 run-time 또는 run time이 들어 있는 행을 찾을 때 사용한다. 생물 데이터를 다루다보면 특정 유전자의 이름이 들어 있는 행 등 특정 키워드를 가진 행을 찾을 때 사용하면 된다.

$ps -aux | grep python

이 구문은 현재 작업 중인 프로세스 중에서 python이 들어간 행을 찾아낸다. 복잡한 프로세스 과정 중에서 현재 실행 중인 프로세스를 조회하는 ps 명령을 파이프 | 와 함께 사용하면 특정 이름을 가진 프로세스를 찾아낼 수 있게 된다.

**

옵션 #

**(추가)

자주 쓰는 명령어 옵션에는 -i, -c, -w를 사용한다 아래의 설명에서처럼 -i는 소문자와 대문자를 구분하지 않고 검색하는 옵션이다. 대부분의 단어에서 정확하게 매치하기 보다는 그 단어가 대소문자를 구별하지 않고 검색한다. -c 는 매치하는 행 수만을 리턴하여 갯수를 확인할 때 사용하면 유용하다. -w 는 단어 단위로 패턴을 검색하는 방법이다. 예를 들어, grep if 라고 한다면 diff, nknife 와 같이 매치하여 찾아내지만 -w 옵션을 사용한다면 (grep -w if ) 이는 매칭시키지 않는다. -l 옵션은 매치하는 내용이 있는 파일의 이름만 리턴한다. 보통은 그 내용이 같이 출력되지만 파일이 여러개 이면 사용자가 눈으로 파일 이름을 확인해야 하기 때문에 그 파일의 이름만을 가지고도 활용할 수 있다. -v옵션은 보통 상세한 설명을 나타내지만 grep 의 경우에는 매치한 내용이 없는 행만 출력한다.

$ ps -aux | grep python | grep -v grep

이 경우에는 grep 을 포함한 명령어가 자체로 출력되기 때문에 명령어 자체도 출력이 되어야 하나 찾는 명령어는 제외할 수가 있다.

**

- -c : 패턴이 일치하는 행의 수를 출력한다.
- -i : 비교시 대소문자를 구별하지 않는다.
- -v : 지정한 패턴과 일치하지 않는 행만 출력한다.
- -n : 행의 번호를 함께 출력한다.
- -l : 패턴이 포함된 파일의 이름을 출력한다.
- -w : 패턴이 전체 단어와 일치하는 행만 출력한다.

팁 #

grep은 다른 명령어들과 함께 “필터”로 자주 사용된다. grep은 사용자가 명령의 수행결과에서 불필요한 정보를 제거할 수 있도록 한다. grep을 필터로 사용하려면, 반드시 명령의 수행 결과를 grep을 통해 파이프(|) 해야 한다.

또한 grep 탐색 패턴에 자주 사용되는 정규 표현식 방식을 아래와 같다.

**(추가)

생물학 데이터를 다루다 보면 특히 서열 데이터 fasta와 genbank같은 파일에서 서열의 갯수를 확인할 때가 있다. 이때 grep을 사용하면 대단히 유용하다. fasta파일은 크게 두 부분으로 나누어지는데 헤드와 서열부분이다. 따라서 헤드 부분의 갯수를 사용하면 된다. 헤드는

>seq_name 설명

과 같이 구성되어 있다. 따라서 ">"의 갯수를 확인하면 된다.

$ grep  ">"  seq_file

이라고 한다면 fasta 서열 파일에 들어 있는 서열의 갯수를 찾아낼수 있다. 물론 설명란에 ">"에 포함되어 있다고 하더라고 한행씩 출력하기 때문에 정확한 갯수를 찾아낼 수 있다

genbank 포맷의 경우에는 헤드, 저널, 계통, 구조, 서열로 나타나고 이것이 끝나면 "//"로 한 블럭을 끝내게 된다. 즉 서열 하나의 단위로 ACCESSION ... "//" 로 구성되어 있다. 그러므로 "//"를 사용하면 genbank안에 있는 서열의 갯수를 찾아낼 수 있다.

$ grep  "//" seq_file

각 서열의 파일이 어떤 구성(genbank, swiss-prot, fasta)로 되어 있는지는 head 명령어로 확인을 하면 된다. 전체 파일을 열어보지 않고 head -100 "seq file"과 같이 특정 부위만 확인하고 서열의 포맷을 확인한 다음 위의 명령어로 서열의 갯수를 구하면 된다.

** $ grep 'apple$' 파일명 = $는 파일의 끝을 나타냄. 파일에서 e로 끝나는 행을 찾는다.

$ grep 'app*' 파일명 
= 파일에서 app로 시작하는 모든 단어를 찾는다.

$ grep 'a.....e' 파일명 
= 파일에서 a로 시작하고 e로 끝나는 7자리 단어를 찾는다.

$ grep [a-d] 파일명 
= 파일에서 a,b,c,d로 시작하는 단어를 모두 찾는다.

$ grep [aA]pple 파일명 
= 파일에서 apple 또는 Apple로 시작하는 단어를 모두 찾는다.

$ grep 'apple' d*
= d로 시작하는 모든 파일에서 apple을 포함하는 모든 행을 찾는다.

$ grep 'apple' 파일명1 파일명2 
= 지정된 두개의 파일에서 apple을 포함하는 모든 행을 찾는다.

$ grep '^[ab]' 파일명 
= 파일에서 a나 b로 시작되는 모든 행을 찾는다.

GAWK(1)                        Utility Commands                        GAWK(1)



NAME
       gawk - pattern scanning and processing language

SYNOPSIS
       gawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f program-file [ -- ] file ...
       gawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] [ -- ] program-text file ...

       pgawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] -f program-file [ -- ] file ...
       pgawk [ POSIX or GNU style options ] [ -- ] program-text file ...

DESCRIPTION
       Gawk  is  the  GNU Project’s implementation of the AWK programming lan-
       guage.  It conforms to the definition of  the  language  in  the  POSIX
       1003.1  Standard.   This version in turn is based on the description in
       The AWK Programming Language, by Aho, Kernighan, and  Weinberger,  with
       the additional features found in the System V Release 4 version of UNIX
       awk.  Gawk also provides more recent Bell Laboratories awk  extensions,
       and a number of GNU-specific extensions.

       Pgawk  is  the profiling version of gawk.  It is identical in every way
       to gawk, except that programs run more  slowly,  and  it  automatically
       produces  an  execution profile in the file awkprof.out when done.  See
       the --profile option, below.

       The command line consists of options to gawk itself,  the  AWK  program
       text  (if  not supplied via the -f or --file options), and values to be
       made available in the ARGC and ARGV pre-defined AWK variables.

OPTION FORMAT
       Gawk options may be either traditional POSIX  one  letter  options,  or
       GNU-style  long  options.  POSIX options start with a single “-”, while
       long options start with “--”.  Long options are provided for both  GNU-
       specific features and for POSIX-mandated features.

       Following  the  POSIX  standard, gawk-specific options are supplied via
       arguments to the -W option.  Multiple -W options may be  supplied  Each
       -W  option  has  a corresponding long option, as detailed below.  Argu-
       ments to long options are either joined with the option by an  =  sign,
       with no intervening spaces, or they may be provided in the next command
       line argument.  Long options may be abbreviated, as long as the  abbre-
       viation remains unique.

OPTIONS
       Gawk accepts the following options, listed by frequency.

       -F fs
       --field-separator fs
              Use fs for the input field separator (the value of the FS prede-
              fined variable).

       -v var=val
       --assign var=val
              Assign the value val to the variable var,  before  execution  of
              the  program  begins.  Such variable values are available to the
              BEGIN block of an AWK program.

       -f program-file
       --file program-file
              Read the AWK program source from the file program-file,  instead
              of  from  the  first  command  line  argument.   Multiple -f (or
              --file) options may be used.

       -mf NNN
       -mr NNN
              Set various memory limits to the value NNN.  The f flag sets the
              maximum number of fields, and the r flag sets the maximum record
              size.  These two flags and the -m option  are  from  an  earlier
              version  of  the Bell Laboratories research version of UNIX awk.
              They are ignored by gawk, since gawk has no pre-defined  limits.
              (Current  versions of the Bell Laboratories awk no longer accept
              them.)

       -O
       --optimize
              Enable optimizations upon the  internal  representation  of  the
              program.  Currently, this includes just simple constant-folding.
              The gawk maintainer hopes to add additional  optimizations  over
              time.

       -W compat
       -W traditional
       --compat
       --traditional
              Run  in compatibility mode.  In compatibility mode, gawk behaves
              identically to UNIX awk; none of the GNU-specific extensions are
              recognized.   The  use  of  --traditional  is preferred over the
              other forms of this option.  See GNU EXTENSIONS, below, for more
              information.

       -W copyleft
       -W copyright
       --copyleft
       --copyright
              Print the short version of the GNU copyright information message
              on the standard output and exit successfully.

       -W dump-variables[=file]
       --dump-variables[=file]
              Print a sorted list of global variables, their types  and  final
              values  to file.  If no file is provided, gawk uses a file named
              awkvars.out in the current directory.
              Having a list of all the global variables is a good way to  look
              for  typographical  errors in your programs.  You would also use
              this option if you have a large program with a lot of functions,
              and  you want to be sure that your functions don’t inadvertently
              use global variables that you meant to be  local.   (This  is  a
              particularly  easy  mistake  to  make with simple variable names
              like i, j, and so on.)

       -W exec file
       --exec file
              Similar to -f, however, this is option  is  the  last  one  pro-
              cessed.   This should be used with #!  scripts, particularly for
              CGI applications, to avoid passing in options or source code (!)
              on  the  command line from a URL.  This option disables command-
              line variable assignments.

       -W gen-po
       --gen-po
              Scan and parse the AWK program, and generate a  GNU  .po  format
              file on standard output with entries for all localizable strings
              in the program.  The program itself is not  executed.   See  the
              GNU gettext distribution for more information on .po files.

       -W help
       -W usage
       --help
       --usage
              Print a relatively short summary of the available options on the
              standard output.  (Per the GNU Coding Standards,  these  options
              cause an immediate, successful exit.)

       -W lint[=value]
       --lint[=value]
              Provide  warnings  about  constructs  that  are  dubious or non-
              portable to other AWK implementations.  With an  optional  argu-
              ment  of  fatal, lint warnings become fatal errors.  This may be
              drastic, but its use will certainly encourage the development of
              cleaner  AWK  programs.   With  an optional argument of invalid,
              only warnings about things that are actually invalid are issued.
              (This is not fully implemented yet.)

       -W lint-old
       --lint-old
              Provide  warnings  about constructs that are not portable to the
              original version of Unix awk.

       -W non-decimal-data
       --non-decimal-data
              Recognize octal and hexadecimal values in input data.  Use  this
              option with great caution!

       -W posix
       --posix
              This  turns on compatibility mode, with the following additional
              restrictions:

              · \x escape sequences are not recognized.

              · Only space and tab act as field separators when FS is set to a
                single space, newline does not.

              · You cannot continue lines after ?  and :.

              · The synonym func for the keyword function is not recognized.

              · The  operators ** and **= cannot be used in place of ^ and ^=.

              · The fflush() function is not available.

       -W profile[=prof_file]
       --profile[=prof_file]
              Send profiling data to prof_file.  The default  is  awkprof.out.
              When  run with gawk, the profile is just a “pretty printed” ver-
              sion of the program.  When run with pgawk, the profile  contains
              execution  counts  of  each statement in the program in the left
              margin and function call counts for each user-defined  function.

       -W re-interval
       --re-interval
              Enable  the  use  of  interval expressions in regular expression
              matching (see Regular Expressions, below).  Interval expressions
              were not traditionally available in the AWK language.  The POSIX
              standard added them, to make awk and egrep consistent with  each
              other.   However, their use is likely to break old AWK programs,
              so gawk only provides them  if  they  are  requested  with  this
              option, or when --posix is specified.

       -W source program-text
       --source program-text
              Use program-text as AWK program source code.  This option allows
              the easy intermixing of library functions (used via the  -f  and
              --file  options)  with  source code entered on the command line.
              It is intended primarily for medium to large AWK  programs  used
              in shell scripts.

       -W use-lc-numeric
       --use-lc-numeric
              This  forces  gawk  to  use the locale’s decimal point character
              when parsing input data.  Although the POSIX  standard  requires
              this  behavior,  and gawk does so when --posix is in effect, the
              default is to follow traditional behavior and use  a  period  as
              the  decimal  point, even in locales where the period is not the
              decimal point character.   This  option  overrides  the  default
              behavior,  without  the full draconian strictness of the --posix
              option.

       -W version
       --version
              Print version information for this particular copy  of  gawk  on
              the  standard  output.  This is useful mainly for knowing if the
              current copy of gawk on your system is up to date  with  respect
              to  whatever the Free Software Foundation is distributing.  This
              is also useful when reporting bugs.  (Per the GNU  Coding  Stan-
              dards, these options cause an immediate, successful exit.)

       --     Signal the end of options. This is useful to allow further argu-
              ments to the AWK program itself to start with a “-”.  This  pro-
              vides  consistency  with the argument parsing convention used by
              most other POSIX programs.

       In compatibility mode, any other options are flagged  as  invalid,  but
       are  otherwise  ignored.   In normal operation, as long as program text
       has been supplied, unknown options are passed on to the AWK program  in
       the ARGV array for processing.  This is particularly useful for running
       AWK programs via the “#!” executable interpreter mechanism.

AWK PROGRAM EXECUTION
       An AWK program consists of a sequence of pattern-action statements  and
       optional function definitions.

              pattern   { action statements }
              function name(parameter list) { statements }

       Gawk  first reads the program source from the program-file(s) if speci-
       fied, from arguments to --source, or from the first non-option argument
       on  the command line.  The -f and --source options may be used multiple
       times on the command line.  Gawk reads the program text as if  all  the
       program-files  and  command  line  source  texts  had been concatenated
       together.  This is useful for  building  libraries  of  AWK  functions,
       without  having to include them in each new AWK program that uses them.
       It also provides the ability to mix library functions with command line
       programs.

       The  environment  variable  AWKPATH specifies a search path to use when
       finding source files named with the -f option.  If this  variable  does
       not  exist,  the default path is ".:/usr/local/share/awk".  (The actual
       directory may vary, depending upon how gawk was built  and  installed.)
       If a file name given to the -f option contains a “/” character, no path
       search is performed.

       Gawk executes AWK programs in the following order.  First, all variable
       assignments specified via the -v option are performed.  Next, gawk com-
       piles the program into an internal form.  Then, gawk executes the  code
       in  the  BEGIN  block(s)  (if any), and then proceeds to read each file
       named in the ARGV array.  If there are no files named  on  the  command
       line, gawk reads the standard input.

       If a filename on the command line has the form var=val it is treated as
       a variable assignment.  The variable var will  be  assigned  the  value
       val.   (This  happens after any BEGIN block(s) have been run.)  Command
       line variable assignment is most useful for dynamically assigning  val-
       ues  to  the  variables  AWK  uses  to control how input is broken into
       fields and records.  It is also useful for controlling state if  multi-
       ple passes are needed over a single data file.

       If  the value of a particular element of ARGV is empty (""), gawk skips
       over it.

       For each record in the input, gawk tests  to  see  if  it  matches  any
       pattern  in the AWK program.  For each pattern that the record matches,
       the associated action is executed.  The  patterns  are  tested  in  the
       order they occur in the program.

       Finally,  after  all  the input is exhausted, gawk executes the code in
       the END block(s) (if any).

VARIABLES, RECORDS AND FIELDS
       AWK variables are dynamic; they come into existence when they are first
       used.   Their  values  are either floating-point numbers or strings, or
       both, depending upon how they are used.  AWK also has  one  dimensional
       arrays; arrays with multiple dimensions may be simulated.  Several pre-
       defined variables are set as a program runs;  these  are  described  as
       needed and summarized below.

   Records
       Normally, records are separated by newline characters.  You can control
       how records are separated by assigning values to the built-in  variable
       RS.   If  RS is any single character, that character separates records.
       Otherwise, RS is a regular expression.  Text in the input that  matches
       this  regular expression separates the record.  However, in compatibil-
       ity mode, only the first character of its string value is used for sep-
       arating  records.   If  RS  is set to the null string, then records are
       separated by blank lines.  When RS is set to the null string, the  new-
       line  character  always acts as a field separator, in addition to what-
       ever value FS may have.

   Fields
       As each input record is read, gawk splits the record into fields, using
       the value of the FS variable as the field separator.  If FS is a single
       character, fields are separated by that character.  If FS is  the  null
       string,  then each individual character becomes a separate field.  Oth-
       erwise, FS is expected to be a full regular expression.  In the special
       case  that FS is a single space, fields are separated by runs of spaces
       and/or tabs and/or newlines.  (But see the section POSIX COMPATIBILITY,
       below).   NOTE:  The  value  of IGNORECASE (see below) also affects how
       fields are split when FS is a regular expression, and how  records  are
       separated when RS is a regular expression.

       If  the  FIELDWIDTHS  variable is set to a space separated list of num-
       bers, each field is expected to have fixed width, and  gawk  splits  up
       the  record  using  the  specified widths.  The value of FS is ignored.
       Assigning a new value to FS  overrides  the  use  of  FIELDWIDTHS,  and
       restores the default behavior.

       Each  field  in the input record may be referenced by its position, $1,
       $2, and so on.  $0 is the whole record.  Fields need not be  referenced
       by constants:

              n = 5
              print $n

       prints the fifth field in the input record.

       The  variable  NF  is  set  to  the total number of fields in the input
       record.

       References to non-existent fields (i.e. fields after $NF)  produce  the
       null-string.  However, assigning to a non-existent field (e.g., $(NF+2)
       = 5) increases the value of NF, creates any intervening fields with the
       null  string  as  their  value, and causes the value of $0 to be recom-
       puted, with the fields being separated by the value of OFS.  References
       to  negative  numbered  fields  cause  a  fatal error.  Decrementing NF
       causes the values of fields past the new value  to  be  lost,  and  the
       value  of  $0  to be recomputed, with the fields being separated by the
       value of OFS.

       Assigning a value to an existing field causes the whole  record  to  be
       rebuilt  when  $0  is  referenced.   Similarly, assigning a value to $0
       causes the record to be resplit, creating new values for the fields.

   Built-in Variables
       Gawk’s built-in variables are:


       ARGC        The number of command  line  arguments  (does  not  include
                   options to gawk, or the program source).

       ARGIND      The index in ARGV of the current file being processed.

       ARGV        Array of command line arguments.  The array is indexed from
                   0 to ARGC - 1.  Dynamically changing the contents  of  ARGV
                   can control the files used for data.

       BINMODE     On  non-POSIX  systems,  specifies use of “binary” mode for
                   all file I/O.  Numeric values of 1, 2, or 3,  specify  that
                   input  files,  output  files,  or  all files, respectively,
                   should use binary I/O.  String values of "r", or "w"  spec-
                   ify that input files, or output files, respectively, should
                   use binary I/O.  String values of "rw" or "wr" specify that
                   all files should use binary I/O.  Any other string value is
                   treated as "rw", but generates a warning message.

       CONVFMT     The conversion format for numbers, "%.6g", by default.

       ENVIRON     An array containing the values of the current  environment.
                   The  array  is  indexed  by the environment variables, each
                   element being the  value  of  that  variable  (e.g.,  ENVI-
                   RON["HOME"]  might  be  /home/arnold).  Changing this array
                   does not affect the environment seen by programs which gawk
                   spawns via redirection or the system() function.

       ERRNO       If  a  system  error  occurs either doing a redirection for
                   getline, during a read for getline, or  during  a  close(),
                   then ERRNO will contain a string describing the error.  The
                   value is subject to translation in non-English locales.

       FIELDWIDTHS A white-space separated list  of  fieldwidths.   When  set,
                   gawk  parses  the input into fields of fixed width, instead
                   of using the value of the FS variable as the field  separa-
                   tor.

       FILENAME    The name of the current input file.  If no files are speci-
                   fied on the command line, the value  of  FILENAME  is  “-”.
                   However,  FILENAME  is  undefined  inside  the  BEGIN block
                   (unless set by getline).

       FNR         The input record number in the current input file.

       FS          The input field separator, a space by default.  See Fields,
                   above.

       IGNORECASE  Controls the case-sensitivity of all regular expression and
                   string operations.  If IGNORECASE  has  a  non-zero  value,
                   then  string  comparisons  and  pattern  matching in rules,
                   field splitting with FS, record separating with RS, regular
                   expression  matching  with  ~  and  !~,  and  the gensub(),
                   gsub(), index(), match(), split(), and sub() built-in func-
                   tions  all ignore case when doing regular expression opera-
                   tions.  NOTE: Array subscripting is not affected.  However,
                   the asort() and asorti() functions are affected.
                   Thus,  if IGNORECASE is not equal to zero, /aB/ matches all
                   of the strings "ab", "aB", "Ab", and "AB".  As with all AWK
                   variables,  the initial value of IGNORECASE is zero, so all
                   regular expression and string operations are normally case-
                   sensitive.  Under Unix, the full ISO 8859-1 Latin-1 charac-
                   ter set is used when ignoring case.  As of gawk 3.1.4,  the
                   case  equivalencies  are fully locale-aware, based on the C
                   <ctype.h> facilities such as isalpha(), and toupper().

       LINT        Provides dynamic control of the --lint option  from  within
                   an AWK program.  When true, gawk prints lint warnings. When
                   false,  it  does  not.   When  assigned  the  string  value
                   "fatal",  lint  warnings  become fatal errors, exactly like
                   --lint=fatal.  Any other true value just prints warnings.

       NF          The number of fields in the current input record.

       NR          The total number of input records seen so far.

       OFMT        The output format for numbers, "%.6g", by default.

       OFS         The output field separator, a space by default.

       ORS         The output record separator, by default a newline.

       PROCINFO    The elements of this array provide  access  to  information
                   about  the running AWK program.  On some systems, there may
                   be elements in the array,  "group1"  through  "groupn"  for
                   some  n,  which  is the number of supplementary groups that
                   the process has.  Use the in operator  to  test  for  these
                   elements.   The  following  elements  are  guaranteed to be
                   available:

                   PROCINFO["egid"]   the value of the getegid(2) system call.

                   PROCINFO["euid"]   the value of the geteuid(2) system call.

                   PROCINFO["FS"]     "FS" if field splitting with  FS  is  in
                                      effect, or "FIELDWIDTHS" if field split-
                                      ting with FIELDWIDTHS is in effect.

                   PROCINFO["gid"]    the value of the getgid(2) system  call.

                   PROCINFO["pgrpid"] the process group ID of the current pro-
                                      cess.

                   PROCINFO["pid"]    the process ID of the current process.

                   PROCINFO["ppid"]   the parent process  ID  of  the  current
                                      process.

                   PROCINFO["uid"]    the  value of the getuid(2) system call.

                   PROCINFO["version"]
                                      The version of gawk.  This is  available
                                      from version 3.1.4 and later.

       RS          The input record separator, by default a newline.

       RT          The record terminator.  Gawk sets RT to the input text that
                   matched the character or regular  expression  specified  by
                   RS.

       RSTART      The  index  of the first character matched by match(); 0 if
                   no match.  (This implies that character  indices  start  at
                   one.)

       RLENGTH     The  length  of  the  string  matched  by match(); -1 if no
                   match.

       SUBSEP      The character used to separate multiple subscripts in array
                   elements, by default "\034".

       TEXTDOMAIN  The text domain of the AWK program; used to find the local-
                   ized translations for the program’s strings.

   Arrays
       Arrays are subscripted with an expression between  square  brackets  ([
       and ]).  If the expression is an expression list (expr, expr ...)  then
       the array subscript is a string consisting of the concatenation of  the
       (string) value of each expression, separated by the value of the SUBSEP
       variable.  This facility  is  used  to  simulate  multiply  dimensioned
       arrays.  For example:

              i = "A"; j = "B"; k = "C"
              x[i, j, k] = "hello, world\n"

       assigns the string "hello, world\n" to the element of the array x which
       is indexed by the string "A\034B\034C".  All arrays in AWK are associa-
       tive, i.e. indexed by string values.

       The  special  operator  in may be used to test if an array has an index
       consisting of a particular value.

              if (val in array)
                   print array[val]

       If the array has multiple subscripts, use (i, j) in array.

       The in construct may also be used in a for loop to iterate over all the
       elements of an array.

       An  element  may  be  deleted from an array using the delete statement.
       The delete statement may also be used to delete the entire contents  of
       an array, just by specifying the array name without a subscript.

   Variable Typing And Conversion
       Variables  and  fields  may be (floating point) numbers, or strings, or
       both.  How the value of a variable is interpreted depends upon its con-
       text.  If used in a numeric expression, it will be treated as a number;
       if used as a string it will be treated as a string.

       To force a variable to be treated as a number, add 0 to it; to force it
       to be treated as a string, concatenate it with the null string.

       When  a  string must be converted to a number, the conversion is accom-
       plished using strtod(3).  A number is converted to a  string  by  using
       the  value  of  CONVFMT  as  a  format  string for sprintf(3), with the
       numeric value of the variable as the argument.   However,  even  though
       all  numbers in AWK are floating-point, integral values are always con-
       verted as integers.  Thus, given

              CONVFMT = "%2.2f"
              a = 12
              b = a ""

       the variable b has a string value of "12" and not "12.00".

       When operating in POSIX mode (such as with  the  --posix  command  line
       option), beware that locale settings may interfere with the way decimal
       numbers are treated: the decimal separator of the numbers you are feed-
       ing  to  gawk  must  conform  to what your locale would expect, be it a
       comma (,) or a period (.).

       Gawk performs comparisons as follows: If  two  variables  are  numeric,
       they  are  compared numerically.  If one value is numeric and the other
       has a string value that is a “numeric  string,”  then  comparisons  are
       also  done numerically.  Otherwise, the numeric value is converted to a
       string and a string comparison is performed.  Two strings are compared,
       of course, as strings.

       Note that string constants, such as "57", are not numeric strings, they
       are string constants.  The idea of “numeric  string”  only  applies  to
       fields,  getline  input,  FILENAME, ARGV elements, ENVIRON elements and
       the elements of an array created by split() that are  numeric  strings.
       The  basic  idea  is  that  user input, and only user input, that looks
       numeric, should be treated that way.

       Uninitialized variables have the numeric value 0 and the  string  value
       "" (the null, or empty, string).

   Octal and Hexadecimal Constants
       Starting  with version 3.1 of gawk , you may use C-style octal and hex-
       adecimal constants in your AWK program source code.  For  example,  the
       octal  value  011 is equal to decimal 9, and the hexadecimal value 0x11
       is equal to decimal 17.

   String Constants
       String constants in AWK are sequences of  characters  enclosed  between
       double quotes (").  Within strings, certain escape sequences are recog-
       nized, as in C.  These are:


       \\   A literal backslash.

       \a   The “alert” character; usually the ASCII BEL character.

       \b   backspace.

       \f   form-feed.

       \n   newline.

       \r   carriage return.

       \t   horizontal tab.

       \v   vertical tab.

       \xhex digits
            The character represented by the string of hexadecimal digits fol-
            lowing the \x.  As in ANSI C, all following hexadecimal digits are
            considered part of the escape sequence.  (This feature should tell
            us something about language design by committee.)  E.g., "\x1B" is
            the ASCII ESC (escape) character.

       \ddd The character represented by the 1-, 2-, or  3-digit  sequence  of
            octal digits.  E.g., "\033" is the ASCII ESC (escape) character.

       \c   The literal character c.

       The  escape  sequences may also be used inside constant regular expres-
       sions (e.g., /[ \t\f\n\r\v]/ matches whitespace characters).

       In compatibility mode, the characters represented by octal and hexadec-
       imal  escape  sequences  are  treated  literally  when  used in regular
       expression constants.  Thus, /a\52b/ is equivalent to /a\*b/.

PATTERNS AND ACTIONS
       AWK is a line-oriented language.  The pattern comes first, and then the
       action.  Action statements are enclosed in { and }.  Either the pattern
       may be missing, or the action may be missing, but, of course, not both.
       If  the  pattern  is  missing,  the action is executed for every single
       record of input.  A missing action is equivalent to

              { print }

       which prints the entire record.

       Comments begin with the “#” character, and continue until  the  end  of
       the line.  Blank lines may be used to separate statements.  Normally, a
       statement ends with a newline, however, this is not the case for  lines
       ending  in  a “,”, {, ?, :, &&, or ||.  Lines ending in do or else also
       have their statements automatically continued on  the  following  line.
       In  other  cases,  a  line can be continued by ending it with a “\”, in
       which case the newline will be ignored.

       Multiple statements may be put on one line by separating  them  with  a
       “;”.   This  applies to both the statements within the action part of a
       pattern-action pair (the usual case), and to the pattern-action  state-
       ments themselves.

   Patterns
       AWK patterns may be one of the following:

              BEGIN
              END
              /regular expression/
              relational expression
              pattern && pattern
              pattern || pattern
              pattern ? pattern : pattern
              (pattern)
              ! pattern
              pattern1, pattern2

       BEGIN  and  END  are two special kinds of patterns which are not tested
       against the input.  The action parts of all BEGIN patterns  are  merged
       as  if  all  the  statements  had been written in a single BEGIN block.
       They are executed before any of the input is read.  Similarly, all  the
       END blocks are merged, and executed when all the input is exhausted (or
       when an exit statement is executed).  BEGIN and END patterns cannot  be
       combined  with  other  patterns  in pattern expressions.  BEGIN and END
       patterns cannot have missing action parts.

       For /regular expression/ patterns, the associated statement is executed
       for  each  input  record  that matches the regular expression.  Regular
       expressions are the same as  those  in  egrep(1),  and  are  summarized
       below.

       A  relational  expression may use any of the operators defined below in
       the section on actions.  These generally test  whether  certain  fields
       match certain regular expressions.

       The  &&,  ||, and !  operators are logical AND, logical OR, and logical
       NOT, respectively, as in C.  They do short-circuit evaluation, also  as
       in  C,  and  are used for combining more primitive pattern expressions.
       As in most languages, parentheses may be used to change  the  order  of
       evaluation.

       The  ?:  operator is like the same operator in C.  If the first pattern
       is true then the pattern used for testing is the second pattern, other-
       wise  it  is  the  third.  Only one of the second and third patterns is
       evaluated.

       The pattern1, pattern2 form of an expression is called a range pattern.
       It  matches  all input records starting with a record that matches pat-
       tern1, and continuing until a record that matches pattern2,  inclusive.
       It does not combine with any other sort of pattern expression.

   Regular Expressions
       Regular  expressions  are  the  extended kind found in egrep.  They are
       composed of characters as follows:

       c          matches the non-metacharacter c.

       \c         matches the literal character c.

       .          matches any character including newline.

       ^          matches the beginning of a string.

       $          matches the end of a string.

       [abc...]   character list, matches any of the characters abc....

       [^abc...]  negated character list, matches any character except abc....

       r1|r2      alternation: matches either r1 or r2.

       r1r2       concatenation: matches r1, and then r2.

       r+         matches one or more r’s.

       r*         matches zero or more r’s.

       r?         matches zero or one r’s.

       (r)        grouping: matches r.

       r{n}
       r{n,}
       r{n,m}     One  or two numbers inside braces denote an interval expres-
                  sion.  If there is one number in the braces,  the  preceding
                  regular  expression r is repeated n times.  If there are two
                  numbers separated by a comma, r is repeated n  to  m  times.
                  If  there  is  one  number  followed  by  a comma, then r is
                  repeated at least n times.
                  Interval expressions are only available if either --posix or
                  --re-interval is specified on the command line.

       \y         matches  the empty string at either the beginning or the end
                  of a word.

       \B         matches the empty string within a word.

       \<         matches the empty string at the beginning of a word.

       \>         matches the empty string at the end of a word.

       \w         matches any word-constituent character  (letter,  digit,  or
                  underscore).

       \W         matches any character that is not word-constituent.

       \‘         matches  the  empty  string  at  the  beginning  of a buffer
                  (string).

       \’         matches the empty string at the end of a buffer.

       The escape sequences that are valid in string constants (see below) are
       also valid in regular expressions.

       Character  classes  are  a feature introduced in the POSIX standard.  A
       character class is a special notation for describing lists  of  charac-
       ters  that  have  a specific attribute, but where the actual characters
       themselves can vary from country to country and/or from  character  set
       to  character  set.   For  example, the notion of what is an alphabetic
       character differs in the USA and in France.

       A character class is only valid in  a  regular  expression  inside  the
       brackets  of a character list.  Character classes consist of [:, a key-
       word denoting the class, and :].  The character classes defined by  the
       POSIX standard are:

       [:alnum:]  Alphanumeric characters.

       [:alpha:]  Alphabetic characters.

       [:blank:]  Space or tab characters.

       [:cntrl:]  Control characters.

       [:digit:]  Numeric characters.

       [:graph:]  Characters that are both printable and visible.  (A space is
                  printable, but not visible, while an a is both.)

       [:lower:]  Lower-case alphabetic characters.

       [:print:]  Printable characters (characters that are not control  char-
                  acters.)

       [:punct:]  Punctuation characters (characters that are not letter, dig-
                  its, control characters, or space characters).

       [:space:]  Space characters (such as space, tab, and formfeed, to  name
                  a few).

       [:upper:]  Upper-case alphabetic characters.

       [:xdigit:] Characters that are hexadecimal digits.

       For  example,  before the POSIX standard, to match alphanumeric charac-
       ters, you would have had to write /[A-Za-z0-9]/.  If your character set
       had  other  alphabetic characters in it, this would not match them, and
       if your character set collated differently from ASCII, this  might  not
       even match the ASCII alphanumeric characters.  With the POSIX character
       classes, you can write /[[:alnum:]]/, and this matches  the  alphabetic
       and numeric characters in your character set, no matter what it is.

       Two  additional special sequences can appear in character lists.  These
       apply to non-ASCII  character  sets,  which  can  have  single  symbols
       (called  collating  elements)  that  are represented with more than one
       character, as well as several characters that are equivalent  for  col-
       lating,  or  sorting,  purposes.   (E.g.,  in French, a plain “e” and a
       grave-accented “`” are equivalent.)

       Collating Symbols
              A  collating  symbol  is  a  multi-character  collating  element
              enclosed  in [.  and .].  For example, if ch is a collating ele-
              ment, then [[.ch.]]  is a regular expression that  matches  this
              collating  element,  while  [ch]  is  a  regular expression that
              matches either c or h.

       Equivalence Classes
              An equivalence class is a locale-specific name  for  a  list  of
              characters  that are equivalent.  The name is enclosed in [= and
              =].  For example, the name e might be used to represent  all  of
              “e,”  “´,”  and “`.”  In this case, [[=e=]] is a regular expres-
              sion that matches any of e, ´, or `.

       These features are very valuable in non-English speaking locales.   The
       library  functions  that gawk uses for regular expression matching cur-
       rently only recognize POSIX character classes; they  do  not  recognize
       collating symbols or equivalence classes.

       The  \y, \B, \<, \>, \w, \W, \‘, and \’ operators are specific to gawk;
       they are extensions based on facilities in the GNU  regular  expression
       libraries.

       The various command line options control how gawk interprets characters
       in regular expressions.

       No options
              In the default case, gawk provide all the  facilities  of  POSIX
              regular  expressions  and  the  GNU regular expression operators
              described above.  However, interval  expressions  are  not  sup-
              ported.

       --posix
              Only  POSIX regular expressions are supported, the GNU operators
              are not special.  (E.g., \w  matches  a  literal  w).   Interval
              expressions are allowed. PLEASE NOTE that the regular expression
              [A-Z] will also match the lowercase  characters  in  this  case!
              Consult  the  info  pages of  gawk  utility for more information
              about this behaviour.

       --traditional
              Traditional Unix awk regular expressions are matched.   The  GNU
              operators  are  not special, interval expressions are not avail-
              able, and neither are the POSIX character  classes  ([[:alnum:]]
              and  so  on).   Characters  described  by  octal and hexadecimal
              escape sequences are treated literally, even if  they  represent
              regular expression metacharacters.

       --re-interval
              Allow  interval  expressions  in  regular  expressions,  even if
              --traditional has been provided.

   Actions
       Action statements are enclosed in braces, { and }.   Action  statements
       consist  of  the  usual assignment, conditional, and looping statements
       found in  most  languages.   The  operators,  control  statements,  and
       input/output statements available are patterned after those in C.

   Operators
       The operators in AWK, in order of decreasing precedence, are


       (...)       Grouping

       $           Field reference.

       ++ --       Increment and decrement, both prefix and postfix.

       ^           Exponentiation  (**  may  also  be  used,  and  **= for the
                   assignment operator).

       + - !       Unary plus, unary minus, and logical negation.

       * / %       Multiplication, division, and modulus.

       + -         Addition and subtraction.

       space       String concatenation.

       | |&        Piped I/O for getline, print, and printf.

       < >
       <= >=
       != ==       The regular relational operators.

       ~ !~        Regular expression match, negated match.  NOTE: Do not  use
                   a constant regular expression (/foo/) on the left-hand side
                   of a ~ or !~.  Only use one on the  right-hand  side.   The
                   expression  /foo/  ~  exp  has  the  same meaning as (($0 ~
                   /foo/) ~ exp).  This is usually not what was intended.

       in          Array membership.

       &&          Logical AND.

       ||          Logical OR.

       ?:          The C conditional expression.  This has the  form  expr1  ?
                   expr2  : expr3.  If expr1 is true, the value of the expres-
                   sion is expr2, otherwise it is expr3.  Only  one  of  expr2
                   and expr3 is evaluated.

       = += -=
       *= /= %= ^= Assignment.   Both  absolute  assignment  (var = value) and
                   operator-assignment (the other forms) are supported.

   Control Statements
       The control statements are as follows:

              if (condition) statement [ else statement ]
              while (condition) statement
              do statement while (condition)
              for (expr1; expr2; expr3) statement
              for (var in array) statement
              break
              continue
              delete array[index]
              delete array
              exit [ expression ]
              { statements }

   I/O Statements
       The input/output statements are as follows:


       close(file [, how])   Close file, pipe or co-process.  The optional how
                             should  only  be  used  when closing one end of a
                             two-way pipe to  a  co-process.   It  must  be  a
                             string value, either "to" or "from".

       getline               Set $0 from next input record; set NF, NR, FNR.

       getline <file         Set $0 from next record of file; set NF.

       getline var           Set var from next input record; set NR, FNR.

       getline var <file     Set var from next record of file.

       command | getline [var]
                             Run  command  piping the output either into $0 or
                             var, as above.

       command |& getline [var]
                             Run command as a  co-process  piping  the  output
                             either  into  $0  or var, as above.  Co-processes
                             are a gawk extension.  (command  can  also  be  a
                             socket.   See  the subsection Special File Names,
                             below.)

       next                  Stop processing the current  input  record.   The
                             next  input  record is read and processing starts
                             over with the first pattern in the  AWK  program.
                             If  the end of the input data is reached, the END
                             block(s), if any, are executed.

       nextfile              Stop processing the current input file.  The next
                             input record read comes from the next input file.
                             FILENAME and ARGIND are updated, FNR is reset  to
                             1, and processing starts over with the first pat-
                             tern in the AWK program. If the end of the  input
                             data  is  reached,  the END block(s), if any, are
                             executed.

       print                 Prints the current record.  The output record  is
                             terminated with the value of the ORS variable.

       print expr-list       Prints expressions.  Each expression is separated
                             by the value of the  OFS  variable.   The  output
                             record  is  terminated  with the value of the ORS
                             variable.

       print expr-list >file Prints expressions on file.  Each  expression  is
                             separated  by the value of the OFS variable.  The
                             output record is terminated with the value of the
                             ORS variable.

       printf fmt, expr-list Format and print.

       printf fmt, expr-list >file
                             Format and print on file.

       system(cmd-line)      Execute the command cmd-line, and return the exit
                             status.  (This may not be available on  non-POSIX
                             systems.)

       fflush([file])        Flush any buffers associated with the open output
                             file or pipe file.   If  file  is  missing,  then
                             standard  output is flushed.  If file is the null
                             string, then all open output files and pipes have
                             their buffers flushed.

       Additional output redirections are allowed for print and printf.

       print ... >> file
              Appends output to the file.

       print ... | command
              Writes on a pipe.

       print ... |& command
              Sends  data to a co-process or socket.  (See also the subsection
              Special File Names, below.)

       The getline command returns 1 on success, 0 on end of file, and  -1  on
       an  error.  Upon an error, ERRNO contains a string describing the prob-
       lem.

       NOTE: If using a pipe, co-process, or socket to getline, or from  print
       or  printf  within a loop, you must use close() to create new instances
       of the command or socket.  AWK  does  not  automatically  close  pipes,
       sockets, or co-processes when they return EOF.

   The printf Statement
       The  AWK  versions  of the printf statement and sprintf() function (see
       below) accept the following conversion specification formats:

       %c      An ASCII character.  If the argument used for %c is numeric, it
               is treated as a character and printed.  Otherwise, the argument
               is assumed to be a string, and the only first character of that
               string is printed.

       %d, %i  A decimal number (the integer part).

       %e, %E  A floating point number of the form [-]d.dddddde[+-]dd.  The %E
               format uses E instead of e.

       %f, %F  A floating point number of the form [-]ddd.dddddd.  If the sys-
               tem  library supports it, %F is available as well. This is like
               %f, but uses capital letters for special  “not  a  number”  and
               “infinity” values. If %F is not available, gawk uses %f.

       %g, %G  Use %e or %f conversion, whichever is shorter, with nonsignifi-
               cant zeros suppressed.  The %G format uses %E instead of %e.

       %o      An unsigned octal number (also an integer).

       %u      An unsigned decimal number (again, an integer).

       %s      A character string.

       %x, %X  An unsigned hexadecimal number (an  integer).   The  %X  format
               uses ABCDEF instead of abcdef.

       %%      A single % character; no argument is converted.

       NOTE: When using the integer format-control letters for values that are
       outside the range of a C long integer, gawk switches to the %0f  format
       specifier.  If  --lint is provided on the command line gawk warns about
       this.  Other versions of awk may print invalid values or  do  something
       else entirely.

       Optional,  additional  parameters may lie between the % and the control
       letter:

       count$ Use the count’th argument at this point in the formatting.  This
              is  called  a positional specifier and is intended primarily for
              use in translated versions of format strings, not in the  origi-
              nal text of an AWK program.  It is a gawk extension.

       -      The expression should be left-justified within its field.

       space  For  numeric  conversions,  prefix positive values with a space,
              and negative values with a minus sign.

       +      The plus sign, used before the width modifier (see below),  says
              to  always  supply  a  sign for numeric conversions, even if the
              data to be formatted is positive.  The  +  overrides  the  space
              modifier.

       #      Use  an  “alternate  form” for certain control letters.  For %o,
              supply a leading zero.  For %x, and %X, supply a leading  0x  or
              0X  for  a  nonzero  result.   For %e, %E, %f and %F, the result
              always contains a decimal point.  For %g, and %G, trailing zeros
              are not removed from the result.

       0      A  leading 0 (zero) acts as a flag, that indicates output should
              be padded with zeroes instead of spaces.  This applies  even  to
              non-numeric  output  formats.  This flag only has an effect when
              the field width is wider than the value to be printed.

       width  The field should be padded to this width.  The field is normally
              padded  with  spaces.  If the 0 flag has been used, it is padded
              with zeroes.

       .prec  A number that specifies the precision to use when printing.  For
              the  %e,  %E,  %f  and %F, formats, this specifies the number of
              digits you want printed to the right of the decimal point.   For
              the  %g, and %G formats, it specifies the maximum number of sig-
              nificant digits.  For the %d, %o, %i, %u, %x, and %X formats, it
              specifies  the  minimum  number  of digits to print.  For %s, it
              specifies the maximum number of characters from the string  that
              should be printed.

       The dynamic width and prec capabilities of the ANSI C printf() routines
       are supported.  A * in place of either the width or prec specifications
       causes  their  values  to  be taken from the argument list to printf or
       sprintf().  To use a positional specifier with a dynamic width or  pre-
       cision,  supply the count$ after the * in the format string.  For exam-
       ple, "%3$*2$.*1$s".

   Special File Names
       When doing I/O redirection from either print or printf into a file,  or
       via  getline  from  a  file,  gawk recognizes certain special filenames
       internally.  These filenames allow  access  to  open  file  descriptors
       inherited  from  gawk’s parent process (usually the shell).  These file
       names may also be used on the command line to  name  data  files.   The
       filenames are:

       /dev/stdin  The standard input.

       /dev/stdout The standard output.

       /dev/stderr The standard error output.

       /dev/fd/n   The file associated with the open file descriptor n.

       These are particularly useful for error messages.  For example:

              print "You blew it!" > "/dev/stderr"

       whereas you would otherwise have to use

              print "You blew it!" | "cat 1>&2"

       The  following  special  filenames  may  be used with the |& co-process
       operator for creating TCP/IP network connections.

       /inet/tcp/lport/rhost/rport  File for TCP/IP connection on  local  port
                                    lport  to remote host rhost on remote port
                                    rport.  Use a port of 0 to have the system
                                    pick a port.

       /inet/udp/lport/rhost/rport  Similar, but use UDP/IP instead of TCP/IP.

       /inet/raw/lport/rhost/rport  Reserved for future use.

       Other special filenames provide access to information about the running
       gawk  process.   These  filenames  are  now obsolete.  Use the PROCINFO
       array to obtain the information they provide.  The filenames are:

       /dev/pid    Reading this file returns the process  ID  of  the  current
                   process, in decimal, terminated with a newline.

       /dev/ppid   Reading this file returns the parent process ID of the cur-
                   rent process, in decimal, terminated with a newline.

       /dev/pgrpid Reading this file returns the process group ID of the  cur-
                   rent process, in decimal, terminated with a newline.

       /dev/user   Reading this file returns a single record terminated with a
                   newline.  The fields are separated with spaces.  $1 is  the
                   value  of the getuid(2) system call, $2 is the value of the
                   geteuid(2) system call, $3 is the value  of  the  getgid(2)
                   system  call,  and $4 is the value of the getegid(2) system
                   call.  If there are any additional  fields,  they  are  the
                   group  IDs  returned  by getgroups(2).  Multiple groups may
                   not be supported on all systems.

   Numeric Functions
       AWK has the following built-in arithmetic functions:


       atan2(y, x)   Returns the arctangent of y/x in radians.

       cos(expr)     Returns the cosine of expr, which is in radians.

       exp(expr)     The exponential function.

       int(expr)     Truncates to integer.

       log(expr)     The natural logarithm function.

       rand()        Returns a random number N, between 0 and 1, such that 0 ≤
                     N < 1.

       sin(expr)     Returns the sine of expr, which is in radians.

       sqrt(expr)    The square root function.

       srand([expr]) Uses  expr as a new seed for the random number generator.
                     If no expr is provided, the time of  day  is  used.   The
                     return  value  is the previous seed for the random number
                     generator.

   String Functions
       Gawk has the following built-in string functions:


       asort(s [, d])          Returns the number of elements  in  the  source
                               array  s.   The  contents of s are sorted using
                               gawk’s normal rules for comparing  values,  and
                               the  indices  of  the  sorted  values  of s are
                               replaced with sequential integers starting with
                               1. If the optional destination array d is spec-
                               ified, then s is first duplicated into  d,  and
                               then  d  is  sorted, leaving the indices of the
                               source array s unchanged.

       asorti(s [, d])         Returns the number of elements  in  the  source
                               array  s.   The behavior is the same as that of
                               asort(), except that the array indices are used
                               for  sorting, not the array values.  When done,
                               the array is indexed numerically, and the  val-
                               ues  are  those  of  the original indices.  The
                               original values are lost; thus provide a second
                               array if you wish to preserve the original.

       gensub(r, s, h [, t])   Search  the  target string t for matches of the
                               regular  expression  r.   If  h  is  a   string
                               beginning with g or G, then replace all matches
                               of r with s.  Otherwise, h is a number indicat-
                               ing  which  match of r to replace.  If t is not
                               supplied,  $0  is  used  instead.   Within  the
                               replacement text s, the sequence \n, where n is
                               a digit from 1 to 9, may be  used  to  indicate
                               just  the  text that matched the n’th parenthe-
                               sized subexpression.  The  sequence  \0  repre-
                               sents  the  entire  matched  text,  as does the
                               character &.  Unlike sub() and gsub(), the mod-
                               ified  string  is returned as the result of the
                               function, and the original target string is not
                               changed.

       gsub(r, s [, t])        For each substring matching the regular expres-
                               sion r in the string t, substitute  the  string
                               s,  and return the number of substitutions.  If
                               t is  not  supplied,  use  $0.   An  &  in  the
                               replacement text is replaced with the text that
                               was actually matched.  Use \& to get a  literal
                               &.   (This  must  be  typed as "\\&"; see GAWK:
                               Effective AWK Programming for a fuller  discus-
                               sion  of  the  rules for &’s and backslashes in
                               the replacement text of sub(), gsub(), and gen-
                               sub().)

       index(s, t)             Returns the index of the string t in the string
                               s, or 0 if t is  not  present.   (This  implies
                               that character indices start at one.)

       length([s])             Returns  the  length  of  the  string s, or the
                               length of $0 if s is  not  supplied.   Starting
                               with  version  3.1.5,  as a non-standard exten-
                               sion, with an array argument, length()  returns
                               the number of elements in the array.

       match(s, r [, a])       Returns  the  position  in  s where the regular
                               expression r occurs, or 0 if r is not  present,
                               and  sets  the  values  of  RSTART and RLENGTH.
                               Note that the argument order is the same as for
                               the  ~  operator: str ~ re.  If array a is pro-
                               vided, a is cleared and then elements 1 through
                               n  are filled with the portions of s that match
                               the corresponding  parenthesized  subexpression
                               in  r.  The 0’th element of a contains the por-
                               tion of s matched by the entire regular expres-
                               sion  r.   Subscripts  a[n,  "start"], and a[n,
                               "length"] provide the  starting  index  in  the
                               string  and length respectively, of each match-
                               ing substring.

       split(s, a [, r])       Splits the string s into the  array  a  on  the
                               regular expression r, and returns the number of
                               fields.  If r is omitted, FS is  used  instead.
                               The   array  a  is  cleared  first.   Splitting
                               behaves   identically   to   field   splitting,
                               described above.

       sprintf(fmt, expr-list) Prints  expr-list according to fmt, and returns
                               the resulting string.

       strtonum(str)           Examines str, and returns  its  numeric  value.
                               If  str  begins  with  a  leading 0, strtonum()
                               assumes that str is an octal  number.   If  str
                               begins  with  a  leading  0x  or 0X, strtonum()
                               assumes that str is a hexadecimal number.

       sub(r, s [, t])         Just like gsub(), but only the  first  matching
                               substring is replaced.

       substr(s, i [, n])      Returns  the at most n-character substring of s
                               starting at i.  If n is omitted, the rest of  s
                               is used.

       tolower(str)            Returns  a copy of the string str, with all the
                               upper-case  characters  in  str  translated  to
                               their  corresponding  lower-case  counterparts.
                               Non-alphabetic characters are left unchanged.

       toupper(str)            Returns a copy of the string str, with all  the
                               lower-case  characters  in  str  translated  to
                               their  corresponding  upper-case  counterparts.
                               Non-alphabetic characters are left unchanged.

       As of version 3.1.5, gawk is multibyte aware.  This means that index(),
       length(), substr() and match() all work in  terms  of  characters,  not
       bytes.

   Time Functions
       Since  one  of the primary uses of AWK programs is processing log files
       that contain time stamp information, gawk provides the following  func-
       tions for obtaining time stamps and formatting them.


       mktime(datespec)
                 Turns datespec into a time stamp of the same form as returned
                 by systime().  The datespec is a string of the form  YYYY  MM
                 DD  HH  MM  SS[  DST].  The contents of the string are six or
                 seven numbers representing respectively the full year includ-
                 ing  century,  the  month  from 1 to 12, the day of the month
                 from 1 to 31, the hour of the day from 0 to  23,  the  minute
                 from  0  to  59, and the second from 0 to 60, and an optional
                 daylight saving flag.  The values of these numbers  need  not
                 be  within  the  ranges specified; for example, an hour of -1
                 means 1 hour before midnight.  The origin-zero Gregorian cal-
                 endar  is  assumed,  with year 0 preceding year 1 and year -1
                 preceding year 0.  The time is assumed to  be  in  the  local
                 timezone.   If the daylight saving flag is positive, the time
                 is assumed to be daylight saving time; if zero, the  time  is
                 assumed  to  be standard time; and if negative (the default),
                 mktime() attempts to determine whether daylight  saving  time
                 is  in  effect  for the specified time.  If datespec does not
                 contain enough elements or if the resulting time  is  out  of
                 range, mktime() returns -1.

       strftime([format [, timestamp[, utc-flag]]])
                 Formats  timestamp  according to the specification in format.
                 If utc-flag is present  and  is  non-zero  or  non-null,  the
                 result is in UTC, otherwise the result is in local time.  The
                 timestamp should be of the same  form  as  returned  by  sys-
                 time().   If timestamp is missing, the current time of day is
                 used.  If format is missing, a default format  equivalent  to
                 the output of date(1) is used.  See the specification for the
                 strftime() function in ANSI C for the format conversions that
                 are guaranteed to be available.

       systime() Returns  the  current  time  of  day as the number of seconds
                 since the Epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC on POSIX systems).

   Bit Manipulations Functions
       Starting with version 3.1 of gawk, the following bit manipulation func-
       tions are available.  They work by converting double-precision floating
       point values to uintmax_t integers, doing the operation, and then  con-
       verting the result back to floating point.  The functions are:

       and(v1, v2)         Return the bitwise AND of the values provided by v1
                           and v2.

       compl(val)          Return the bitwise complement of val.

       lshift(val, count)  Return the value of  val,  shifted  left  by  count
                           bits.

       or(v1, v2)          Return  the bitwise OR of the values provided by v1
                           and v2.

       rshift(val, count)  Return the value of val,  shifted  right  by  count
                           bits.

       xor(v1, v2)         Return the bitwise XOR of the values provided by v1
                           and v2.


   Internationalization Functions
       Starting with version 3.1 of gawk, the following functions may be  used
       from  within your AWK program for translating strings at run-time.  For
       full details, see GAWK: Effective AWK Programming.

       bindtextdomain(directory [, domain])
              Specifies the directory where gawk looks for the .mo  files,  in
              case they will not or cannot be placed in the ‘‘standard’’ loca-
              tions (e.g., during testing).  It returns  the  directory  where
              domain is ‘‘bound.’’
              The  default domain is the value of TEXTDOMAIN.  If directory is
              the null string (""), then bindtextdomain() returns the  current
              binding for the given domain.

       dcgettext(string [, domain [, category]])
              Returns  the  translation  of  string  in text domain domain for
              locale category category.  The default value for domain  is  the
              current  value of TEXTDOMAIN.  The default value for category is
              "LC_MESSAGES".
              If you supply a value for category, it must be a string equal to
              one  of the known locale categories described in GAWK: Effective
              AWK Programming.  You must  also  supply  a  text  domain.   Use
              TEXTDOMAIN if you want to use the current domain.

       dcngettext(string1 , string2 , number [, domain [, category]])
              Returns  the  plural  form used for number of the translation of
              string1 and string2 in text domain domain  for  locale  category
              category.   The default value for domain is the current value of
              TEXTDOMAIN.  The default value for category is "LC_MESSAGES".
              If you supply a value for category, it must be a string equal to
              one  of the known locale categories described in GAWK: Effective
              AWK Programming.  You must  also  supply  a  text  domain.   Use
              TEXTDOMAIN if you want to use the current domain.

USER-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
       Functions in AWK are defined as follows:

              function name(parameter list) { statements }

       Functions  are executed when they are called from within expressions in
       either patterns or actions.  Actual parameters supplied in the function
       call  are  used  to  instantiate  the formal parameters declared in the
       function.  Arrays are passed by reference, other variables  are  passed
       by value.

       Since  functions were not originally part of the AWK language, the pro-
       vision for local variables is rather clumsy: They are declared as extra
       parameters  in the parameter list.  The convention is to separate local
       variables from real parameters by extra spaces in the  parameter  list.
       For example:

              function  f(p, q,     a, b)   # a and b are local
              {
                   ...
              }

              /abc/     { ... ; f(1, 2) ; ... }

       The left parenthesis in a function call is required to immediately fol-
       low the function name,  without  any  intervening  white  space.   This
       avoids  a  syntactic  ambiguity  with the concatenation operator.  This
       restriction does not apply to the built-in functions listed above.

       Functions may call each other and may be recursive.   Function  parame-
       ters used as local variables are initialized to the null string and the
       number zero upon function invocation.

       Use return expr to return a value from a function.  The return value is
       undefined  if  no  value  is  provided,  or  if the function returns by
       “falling off” the end.

       If --lint has been provided, gawk warns about calls to undefined  func-
       tions  at  parse  time,  instead  of at run time.  Calling an undefined
       function at run time is a fatal error.

       The word func may be used in place of function.

DYNAMICALLY LOADING NEW FUNCTIONS
       Beginning with version 3.1 of gawk, you can dynamically add new  built-
       in  functions  to  the  running gawk interpreter.  The full details are
       beyond the scope of this manual page; see GAWK: Effective AWK  Program-
       ming for the details.


       extension(object, function)
               Dynamically  link  the  shared object file named by object, and
               invoke function in  that  object,  to  perform  initialization.
               These  should  both  be provided as strings.  Returns the value
               returned by function.

       This function is provided and documented in GAWK:  Effective  AWK  Pro-
       gramming, but everything about this feature is likely to change eventu-
       ally.  We STRONGLY recommend that you do not use this feature for  any-
       thing that you aren’t willing to redo.

SIGNALS
       pgawk  accepts  two  signals.   SIGUSR1 causes it to dump a profile and
       function call stack to the profile file, which is  either  awkprof.out,
       or  whatever file was named with the --profile option.  It then contin-
       ues to run.  SIGHUP causes pgawk to dump the profile and function  call
       stack and then exit.

EXAMPLES
       Print and sort the login names of all users:

            BEGIN     { FS = ":" }
                 { print $1 | "sort" }

       Count lines in a file:

                 { nlines++ }
            END  { print nlines }

       Precede each line by its number in the file:

            { print FNR, $0 }

       Concatenate and line number (a variation on a theme):

            { print NR, $0 }
       Run an external command for particular lines of data:

            tail -f access_log |
            awk ’/myhome.html/ { system("nmap " $1 ">> logdir/myhome.html") }’

INTERNATIONALIZATION
       String constants are sequences of characters enclosed in double quotes.
       In non-English speaking environments, it is possible to mark strings in
       the  AWK  program  as  requiring translation to the native natural lan-
       guage. Such strings are marked in the AWK program with a leading under-
       score (“_”).  For example,

              gawk ’BEGIN { print "hello, world" }’

       always prints hello, world.  But,

              gawk ’BEGIN { print _"hello, world" }’

       might print bonjour, monde in France.

       There are several steps involved in producing and running a localizable
       AWK program.

       1.  Add a BEGIN action to assign a value to the TEXTDOMAIN variable  to
           set the text domain to a name associated with your program.

           BEGIN { TEXTDOMAIN = "myprog" }

       This  allows  gawk  to  find the .mo file associated with your program.
       Without this step, gawk uses the messages  text  domain,  which  likely
       does not contain translations for your program.

       2.  Mark  all  strings  that  should  be translated with leading under-
           scores.

       3.  If necessary, use the dcgettext() and/or bindtextdomain() functions
           in your program, as appropriate.

       4.  Run  gawk --gen-po -f myprog.awk > myprog.po to generate a .po file
           for your program.

       5.  Provide appropriate translations, and build and install the  corre-
           sponding .mo files.

       The internationalization features are described in full detail in GAWK:
       Effective AWK Programming.

POSIX COMPATIBILITY
       A primary goal for gawk is compatibility with the  POSIX  standard,  as
       well  as with the latest version of UNIX awk.  To this end, gawk incor-
       porates the following user visible features which are not described  in
       the AWK book, but are part of the Bell Laboratories version of awk, and
       are in the POSIX standard.

       The book indicates that command line variable assignment  happens  when
       awk  would  otherwise  open  the argument as a file, which is after the
       BEGIN block is executed.  However,  in  earlier  implementations,  when
       such an assignment appeared before any file names, the assignment would
       happen before the BEGIN block was run.  Applications came to depend  on
       this  “feature.”   When awk was changed to match its documentation, the
       -v option for assigning variables before program execution was added to
       accommodate  applications  that  depended upon the old behavior.  (This
       feature was agreed upon by both  the  Bell  Laboratories  and  the  GNU
       developers.)

       The  -W  option  for implementation specific features is from the POSIX
       standard.

       When processing arguments, gawk uses the special option “--” to  signal
       the end of arguments.  In compatibility mode, it warns about but other-
       wise ignores undefined options.  In normal  operation,  such  arguments
       are passed on to the AWK program for it to process.

       The  AWK  book  does not define the return value of srand().  The POSIX
       standard has it return the seed it was using, to allow keeping track of
       random  number  sequences.   Therefore srand() in gawk also returns its
       current seed.

       Other new features are: The use of multiple -f options (from MKS  awk);
       the  ENVIRON array; the \a, and \v escape sequences (done originally in
       gawk and fed back into the Bell Laboratories  version);  the  tolower()
       and  toupper() built-in functions (from the Bell Laboratories version);
       and the ANSI C conversion specifications in printf (done first  in  the
       Bell Laboratories version).

HISTORICAL FEATURES
       There are two features of historical AWK implementations that gawk sup-
       ports.  First, it is possible to call the  length()  built-in  function
       not only with no argument, but even without parentheses!  Thus,

              a = length     # Holy Algol 60, Batman!

       is the same as either of

              a = length()
              a = length($0)

       This  feature is marked as “deprecated” in the POSIX standard, and gawk
       issues a warning about its use if --lint is specified  on  the  command
       line.

       The other feature is the use of either the continue or the break state-
       ments outside the body of a while, for, or do  loop.   Traditional  AWK
       implementations  have  treated  such  usage  as  equivalent to the next
       statement.  Gawk supports this usage if --traditional has  been  speci-
       fied.

GNU EXTENSIONS
       Gawk  has  a  number of extensions to POSIX awk.  They are described in
       this section.  All the extensions described here  can  be  disabled  by
       invoking gawk with the --traditional or --posix options.

       The following features of gawk are not available in POSIX awk.

       · No  path  search  is  performed  for  files  named via the -f option.
         Therefore the AWKPATH environment variable is not special.

       · The \x escape sequence.  (Disabled with --posix.)

       · The fflush() function.  (Disabled with --posix.)

       · The ability to  continue  lines  after  ?   and  :.   (Disabled  with
         --posix.)

       · Octal and hexadecimal constants in AWK programs.

       · The ARGIND, BINMODE, ERRNO, LINT, RT and TEXTDOMAIN variables are not
         special.

       · The IGNORECASE variable and its side-effects are not available.

       · The FIELDWIDTHS variable and fixed-width field splitting.

       · The PROCINFO array is not available.

       · The use of RS as a regular expression.

       · The special file names available for I/O redirection are  not  recog-
         nized.

       · The |& operator for creating co-processes.

       · The  ability to split out individual characters using the null string
         as the value of FS, and as the third argument to split().

       · The optional second argument to the close() function.

       · The optional third argument to the match() function.

       · The ability to use positional specifiers with printf and sprintf().

       · The ability to pass an array to length().

       · The use of delete array to delete the entire contents of an array.

       · The use of nextfile to abandon processing of the current input  file.

       · The and(), asort(), asorti(), bindtextdomain(), compl(), dcgettext(),
         dcngettext(), gensub(), lshift(),  mktime(),  or(),  rshift(),  strf-
         time(), strtonum(), systime() and xor() functions.

       · Localizable strings.

       · Adding  new built-in functions dynamically with the extension() func-
         tion.

       The AWK book does not define the return value of the close()  function.
       Gawk’s  close()  returns  the  value from fclose(3), or pclose(3), when
       closing an output file or pipe, respectively.  It returns the process’s
       exit  status when closing an input pipe.  The return value is -1 if the
       named file, pipe or co-process was not opened with a redirection.

       When gawk is invoked with the --traditional option, if the fs  argument
       to  the  -F  option  is “t”, then FS is set to the tab character.  Note
       that typing gawk -F\t ...  simply causes the shell to  quote  the  “t,”
       and  does  not pass “\t” to the -F option.  Since this is a rather ugly
       special case, it is not the default behavior.  This behavior also  does
       not occur if --posix has been specified.  To really get a tab character
       as the field separator, it is best to use single  quotes:  gawk  -F’\t’
       ....

       If  gawk is configured with the --enable-switch option to the configure
       command, then it accepts an additional control-flow statement:
              switch (expression) {
              case value|regex : statement
              ...
              [ default: statement ]
              }

       If gawk is configured with the --disable-directories-fatal option, then
       it  will  silently  skip directories named on the command line.  Other-
       wise, it will do so only if invoked with the --traditional option.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       The AWKPATH environment variable can be  used  to  provide  a  list  of
       directories  that gawk searches when looking for files named via the -f
       and --file options.

       If POSIXLY_CORRECT exists in the environment, then gawk behaves exactly
       as  if  --posix  had been specified on the command line.  If --lint has
       been specified, gawk issues a warning message to this effect.

SEE ALSO
       egrep(1), getpid(2),  getppid(2),  getpgrp(2),  getuid(2),  geteuid(2),
       getgid(2), getegid(2), getgroups(2)

       The  AWK Programming Language, Alfred V. Aho, Brian W. Kernighan, Peter
       J. Weinberger, Addison-Wesley, 1988.  ISBN 0-201-07981-X.

       GAWK: Effective AWK Programming, Edition 3.0,  published  by  the  Free
       Software  Foundation,  2001.   The  current version of this document is
       available online at http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual.

BUGS
       The -F option is not necessary given the command line variable  assign-
       ment feature; it remains only for backwards compatibility.

       Syntactically  invalid  single  character programs tend to overflow the
       parse stack, generating a rather unhelpful message.  Such programs  are
       surprisingly  difficult to diagnose in the completely general case, and
       the effort to do so really is not worth it.

AUTHORS
       The original version of UNIX awk was designed and implemented by Alfred
       Aho, Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories.  Brian
       Kernighan continues to maintain and enhance it.

       Paul Rubin and Jay Fenlason, of the  Free  Software  Foundation,  wrote
       gawk,  to be compatible with the original version of awk distributed in
       Seventh Edition UNIX.  John Woods contributed a number  of  bug  fixes.
       David  Trueman,  with contributions from Arnold Robbins, made gawk com-
       patible with the new version of UNIX awk.  Arnold Robbins is  the  cur-
       rent maintainer.

       The  initial  DOS  port  was  done  by Conrad Kwok and Scott Garfinkle.
       Scott Deifik is the current DOS maintainer.  Pat Rankin did the port to
       VMS,  and  Michal Jaegermann did the port to the Atari ST.  The port to
       OS/2 was done by Kai Uwe  Rommel,  with  contributions  and  help  from
       Darrel  Hankerson.   Andreas Buening now maintains the OS/2 port.  Fred
       Fish supplied support for the Amiga, and Martin Brown provided the BeOS
       port.   Stephen  Davies  provided the original Tandem port, and Matthew
       Woehlke provided changes for Tandem’s  POSIX-compliant  systems.   Ralf
       Wildenhues now maintains that port.

       See  the  README  file in the gawk distribution for current information
       about maintainers and which ports are currently supported.

VERSION INFORMATION
       This man page documents gawk, version 3.1.7.

BUG REPORTS
       If you find a  bug  in  gawk,  please  send  electronic  mail  to  bug-
       gawk@gnu.org.   Please  include your operating system and its revision,
       the version of gawk (from gawk --version), what C compiler you used  to
       compile  it,  and a test program and data that are as small as possible
       for reproducing the problem.

       Before sending a bug report, please do the  following  things.   First,
       verify  that  you  have the latest version of gawk.  Many bugs (usually
       subtle ones) are fixed at each release, and if yours is  out  of  date,
       the  problem  may already have been solved.  Second, please see if set-
       ting the environment variable  LC_ALL  to  LC_ALL=C  causes  things  to
       behave  as  you  expect. If so, it’s a locale issue, and may or may not
       really be a bug.  Finally, please read this man page and the  reference
       manual  carefully  to  be  sure that what you think is a bug really is,
       instead of just a quirk in the language.

       Whatever you do, do NOT post a bug report in comp.lang.awk.  While  the
       gawk  developers  occasionally read this newsgroup, posting bug reports
       there is an unreliable way to report bugs.   Instead,  please  use  the
       electronic mail addresses given above.

       If you’re using a GNU/Linux system or BSD-based system, you may wish to
       submit a bug report to the vendor of your distribution.   That’s  fine,
       but  please  send  a  copy to the official email address as well, since
       there’s no guarantee that the bug will be forwarded to the  gawk  main-
       tainer.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
       Brian  Kernighan of Bell Laboratories provided valuable assistance dur-
       ing testing and debugging.  We thank him.

COPYING PERMISSIONS
       Copyright © 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
       2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

       Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim  copies  of  this
       manual  page  provided  the copyright notice and this permission notice
       are preserved on all copies.

       Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of  this
       manual  page  under  the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
       the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms  of  a
       permission notice identical to this one.

       Permission  is granted to copy and distribute translations of this man-
       ual page into another language, under the above conditions for modified
       versions,  except that this permission notice may be stated in a trans-
       lation approved by the Foundation.



Free Software Foundation          Jul 10 2009                          GAWK(1)

리눅스 기본명령어 - awk #

awk는 패턴 탐색과 처리를 위한 명령어로 간단하게 파일에서 결과를 추려내고 가공하여 원하는 결과물을 만들어내는 유틸리티이다. 즉 파일에서 패턴이 일치하는 행을 찾아서 지정한 조치를 수행해주는 명령어이다. awk 명령은 사용자가 정의한 명령어 집합을 이용하여 파일 집합과 사용자가 제공한 확장 표현식을 한번에 한 행씩 비교한 다음 확장 정규식과 일치하는 모든 행에 작용하여 특별한 작업을 해 준다. awk 명령의 패턴 탐색은 grep 명령의 패턴 탐색보다 더 일반적이고, 입력 텍스트 행에 대해 여러 가지 조치를 실행할 수 있으며 awk 명령 프로그래밍 언어는 컴파일을 필요로 하지 않고, 변수, 수치 함수, 문자열 함수 및 논리 연산자를 사용할 수 도 있다. 보통은 sed명령과 조합하여 많이 사용하기도 한다.

초기 개발자 Aho, Weinberger, Kernighan의 첫글자를 따서 이름지어진 awk는 GNU 프로젝트에서 만들어진 텍스트 처리 프로그래밍 언어로 유닉스 계열의 OS에서 사용 가능하며, 텍스트 형태로 되어있는 입력 데이터를 행과 단어 별로 처리해 출력한다.

기본적으로 패턴과 패턴을 처리하는 명령어 짝을 늘여놓은 구조로 이루어져 있는데, 입력으로부터 한 줄씩을 읽어서 정규 표현식으로 조건이 맞는지를 검사하고 참으로 판명되면 그 줄에 대해 명령어를 실행하는 형식이다.

기본적인 사용형식은 다음과 같다.

$ awk 'pattern' filename 조건
$ awk '{action}' filename 몇 번째 필드
$ awk 'pattern {action}' filename 무슨 조건에 몇 번째 필드

$ awk [ -F fs ] [ -v var=value ] [ 'prog' | -f progfile ] [ file ...  ]

1. (필드) 개행으로 구분한다 
2. 자료 처리 및 리포트 생성에 사용하는 프로그래밍 언어 
3. 입력 데이터로는 표준 입력, 여러 개의 파일 또는 다른 프로세스의 결과를 사용 할 수 있다 
4. 사용자가 지정한 패턴 검색이나 특별한 작업수행 위해 파일을 행 단위로 조사한다 
5. $0은 모든 필드

사용법은 다음과 같다.

$ awk -F delim '{ print $x }'

기본적인 사용법은 위의 형태로 많이 사용한다. awk 명령어와 구분자 그리고 출력할 내용을 써 주면 된다.

$ awk '{print $1}' file

파일의 첫 번째 필드를 출력한다, 첫 번째 필드는각 행의 맨 왼쪽 경계에서 시작 공백문자로 구분하여 출력하는데 이 경우에는 첫번째가 된다.

특정 폴더 내에 있는 파일 목록만 가져오는 경우를 생각해보면 ls 명령어를 사용해서 > 로 리다이렉션 시켜서 vi로 작업하는 방법을 사용할 수 도 있고 그냥 복사해서 한 라인에 하나씩 오도록 엔터를 쳐서 사용해도 된다. 그러나 이 경우 awk명령어를 사용하면 보다 편하게 사용할 수 있다. 먼저 ls -al 를 해 보면 다음과 같이 상세 정보를 출력한다.

$ ls -al 
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel  10235636 11 18 13:44 201611101584be7224a770
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel   1897350 11 18 13:44 201611101584be7224a770.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel     70597 11 18 13:44 201611101584be7224a770.gz.csi
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel  10368400 11 18 13:44 201611101584be8191b560
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel   1927540 11 18 13:44 201611101584be8191b560.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel     63101 11 18 13:44 201611101584be8191b560.gz.csi
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel   9907325 11 18 13:43 201611101584be8e59c610
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel   1849363 11 18 13:44 201611101584be8e59c610.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel     77322 11 18 13:44 201611101584be8e59c610.gz.csi
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel   8893514 11 18 13:44 201611101584be99aab100
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel   1673036 11 18 13:44 201611101584be99aab100.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 kylee  wheel     66183 11 18 13:44 201611101584be99aab100.gz.csi

이 상황에서 맨 마지막에 있는 파일을 복사해서 편집해도 되지만 불편하다. 간단히 다음과 같이 사용하면 된다.

$ ls -al | awk '{ print $9}'

이렇게 명령을 내려주면 awk 프로그램이 공백으로 분리해서 마지막 즉 9번째가 파일명이 되는데 요 번호를 $9와 같이 써 주면 깔끔하게 다음과 같이 출력이 된다.

201611101584be7224a770
201611101584be7224a770.gz
201611101584be7224a770.gz.csi
201611101584be8191b560
201611101584be8191b560.gz
201611101584be8191b560.gz.csi
201611101584be8e59c610
201611101584be8e59c610.gz
201611101584be8e59c610.gz.csi
201611101584be99aab100
201611101584be99aab100.gz
201611101584be99aab100.gz.csi

다른 방법을 쓸 필요도 없이 간단하게 내가 원하는 결과를 얻을 수 있다. >를 이용해서 파일에 저장해서 따로 사용할 수 있다.

$ history | awk '{ print $2 }' \ | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | head -3

이 예는 리눅스를 사용하면서 가장 많이 내린 명령어를 찾아서 출력해주는 간단한(?) 명령어 조합이다. 특히 생물학 데이터를 다룰 때는 특정 형식으로 되어 있는 경우가 많다. 다음과 같이 bed 파일이 있는데 이 파일을 gbrowse 사용하기 위해서는 직접 사용할 수 없고 GFF3 형식으로 변환해주면 브라우저에서 그림으로 확인할 수 있는 상태가 된다. 예제로 애기장대의 bed파일 내용인데 이 내용을 아래 명령어로 바꿔주면 별도의 프로그래밍 없이도 bed --> gff로 변경할 수 있다.

chr1 2025600 2027271 AT1G06620.10 + 2025617 2027094 0 3541,322,429,
$ awk '{print $1”\tawk\tmRNA\t”$2”\t”$3”\t” \ $5”\t”$6”\t0\t”$4 }’ example.bed

그러면 내가 원하는 형식으로 변경이 되어 사용할 수 있다.

옵션 #

• -F 필드구분자 : 필드구분자를 지정할 때 사용하며, 기본 필드구분자는 공백이다.
• -f 파일명 : 스크립트파일을 불러온다.

팁 #

몇 가지 사용법을 추가로 확인하면 다음과 같다.

$ awk '/Arabidopsis/{printf $1, $2}' file

파일에서 Arabidopsis를 포함하는 행들의 첫 번째와 두 번째 필드를 출력한다. 이 경우에는 특정 단어로 시작하는 행을 찾아서 공백으로 구분한 뒤 필요한 컬럼을 출력한다.

$ df | awk '$2 > 10000 '

df ( 현재 디바이스 정보 ) 명령어를 통해 출력되는 내용 중 두 번째 필드가 10000보다 큰행을 출력한다.

$ date | awk '{print "Month : $2\n Year"$6}'

date 명령어를 통해 출력되는 시간 정보 중 두 번째 필드와 여섯번 째 필드를 서로 개행 하여 출력하면 월과 년을 출력할 수 있다.

$ awk '{print NR, $1, $3}' file

NR(하나의 레코드를 처리한 뒤 1 이 증가하는 변수)을 사용하여 레코드 번호와 함께 파일의 내용대로 출력한다. 그러면 각 라인별로 번호를 매겨 정보를 줄 수 있다.

$ awk -F : '/root/{print $0}' /etc/passwd

이 경우에는 보통 \t이나 공백으로 라인을 나누는데 특이한 구분자로 구분 되어 있는 경우 별도로 구분자를 지정해 줄 수 있는데 -F 다음에 구분자를 써 주면 된다. 이 경우 " : " 구분자를 기준으로 필드를 나누며 root를 포함하는 행을 출력한다. /expression/이 되는데 // 안에는 정규표현식을 사용하여 원하는 패턴을 찾을 수도 있다.

$ awk -F : '\^[ab]\{print $1}' file

a나 b로 시작하는 행의 첫 번째 필드를 출력한다.

$ awk -F '[\t]' '{print $1, $2, $3}' file

Tab 으로 필드를 구분하며 첫 번째, 두 번째, 세 번째, 필드를 출력한다.보통 엑셀에서 작업한 파일을 텍스트 파일로 변환하면 TSV, CSV형태로 저장한다. 이때 구분자는 \t(탭)이나 ,(콤마)로 구분이 되는데 이 경우 구분자를 지정해주면 편하게 작업할 수 있다.

$ awk '$1 ~ /[aA]TG/' seq.fasta

~는 특정 레코드나 필드 내에서 일치하는 정규 표현식 패턴이 존재하는지 검사 위해 쓰인다

$ awk '$1 !~ /*$' protein.fasta

첫 번째 필드가 * 로 끝나지 않는 행들을 출력한다. 즉 종료 서열이 없는 서열을 찾을 때 사용한다.

SED(1)                           User Commands                          SED(1)



NAME
       sed - stream editor for filtering and transforming text

SYNOPSIS
       sed [OPTION]... {script-only-if-no-other-script} [input-file]...

DESCRIPTION
       Sed  is a stream editor.  A stream editor is used to perform basic text
       transformations on an input stream (a file or input from  a  pipeline).
       While  in  some  ways similar to an editor which permits scripted edits
       (such as ed), sed works by making only one pass over the input(s),  and
       is consequently more efficient.  But it is sed’s ability to filter text
       in a pipeline which particularly distinguishes it from other  types  of
       editors.

       -n, --quiet, --silent

              suppress automatic printing of pattern space

       -e script, --expression=script

              add the script to the commands to be executed

       -f script-file, --file=script-file

              add the contents of script-file to the commands to be executed

       --follow-symlinks

              follow  symlinks when processing in place; hard links will still
              be broken.

       -i[SUFFIX], --in-place[=SUFFIX]

              edit files in place (makes backup if extension  supplied).   The
              default  operation  mode  is  to  break symbolic and hard links.
              This can be changed with --follow-symlinks and --copy.

       -c, --copy

              use copy instead of rename when  shuffling  files  in  -i  mode.
              While  this  will  avoid  breaking links (symbolic or hard), the
              resulting editing operation is not atomic.  This is  rarely  the
              desired  mode;  --follow-symlinks  is  usually enough, and it is
              both faster and more secure.

       -l N, --line-length=N

              specify the desired line-wrap length for the ‘l’ command

       --posix

              disable all GNU extensions.

       -r, --regexp-extended

              use extended regular expressions in the script.

       -s, --separate

              consider files as separate rather than as  a  single  continuous
              long stream.

       -u, --unbuffered

              load  minimal amounts of data from the input files and flush the
              output buffers more often

       --help display this help and exit

       --version
              output version information and exit

       If no -e, --expression, -f, or --file option is given, then  the  first
       non-option  argument  is  taken  as  the  sed script to interpret.  All
       remaining arguments are names of input files; if  no  input  files  are
       specified, then the standard input is read.

       GNU  sed  home  page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/>.  General help
       using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>.  E-mail bug  reports
       to: <bug-gnu-utils@gnu.org>.  Be sure to include the word ‘‘sed’’ some-
       where in the ‘‘Subject:’’ field.

COMMAND SYNOPSIS
       This is just a brief synopsis of sed commands to serve as a reminder to
       those  who  already  know sed; other documentation (such as the texinfo
       document) must be consulted for fuller descriptions.

   Zero-address ‘‘commands’’
       : label
              Label for b and t commands.

       #comment
              The comment extends until the next newline (or the end of  a  -e
              script fragment).

       }      The closing bracket of a { } block.

   Zero- or One- address commands
       =      Print the current line number.

       a \

       text   Append text, which has each embedded newline preceded by a back-
              slash.

       i \

       text   Insert text, which has each embedded newline preceded by a back-
              slash.

       q [exit-code]
              Immediately  quit  the  sed  script  without processing any more
              input, except that if auto-print is  not  disabled  the  current
              pattern  space will be printed.  The exit code argument is a GNU
              extension.

       Q [exit-code]
              Immediately quit the sed  script  without  processing  any  more
              input.  This is a GNU extension.

       r filename
              Append text read from filename.

       R filename
              Append  a  line read from filename.  Each invocation of the com-
              mand reads a line from the file.  This is a GNU extension.

   Commands which accept address ranges
       {      Begin a block of commands (end with a }).

       b label
              Branch to label; if label is omitted, branch to end of script.

       t label
              If a s/// has done a  successful  substitution  since  the  last
              input  line  was  read  and  since the last t or T command, then
              branch to label; if label is omitted, branch to end of script.

       T label
              If no s/// has done a successful  substitution  since  the  last
              input  line  was  read  and  since the last t or T command, then
              branch to label; if label is omitted, branch to end  of  script.
              This is a GNU extension.

       c \

       text   Replace  the  selected  lines with text, which has each embedded
              newline preceded by a backslash.

       d      Delete pattern space.  Start next cycle.

       D      Delete up to the first embedded newline in  the  pattern  space.
              Start  next  cycle,  but skip reading from the input if there is
              still data in the pattern space.

       h H    Copy/append pattern space to hold space.

       g G    Copy/append hold space to pattern space.

       x      Exchange the contents of the hold and pattern spaces.

       l      List out the current line in a ‘‘visually unambiguous’’ form.

       l width
              List out the current line in a  ‘‘visually  unambiguous’’  form,
              breaking it at width characters.  This is a GNU extension.

       n N    Read/append the next line of input into the pattern space.

       p      Print the current pattern space.

       P      Print  up  to  the first embedded newline of the current pattern
              space.

       s/regexp/replacement/
              Attempt to match regexp against the pattern space.  If  success-
              ful,   replace  that  portion  matched  with  replacement.   The
              replacement may contain the special character & to refer to that
              portion  of  the  pattern  space  which matched, and the special
              escapes \1 through \9 to refer  to  the  corresponding  matching
              sub-expressions in the regexp.

       w filename
              Write the current pattern space to filename.

       W filename
              Write  the  first line of the current pattern space to filename.
              This is a GNU extension.

       y/source/dest/
              Transliterate the characters in the pattern space  which  appear
              in source to the corresponding character in dest.

Addresses
       Sed  commands can be given with no addresses, in which case the command
       will be executed for all input lines; with one address, in  which  case
       the  command  will  only  be  executed for input lines which match that
       address; or with two addresses, in which case the command will be  exe-
       cuted  for  all  input  lines  which match the inclusive range of lines
       starting from the first address and continuing to the  second  address.
       Three  things  to  note about address ranges: the syntax is addr1,addr2
       (i.e., the addresses are separated by a comma); the  line  which  addr1
       matched will always be accepted, even if addr2 selects an earlier line;
       and if addr2 is a regexp, it will not be tested against the  line  that
       addr1 matched.

       After  the address (or address-range), and before the command, a !  may
       be inserted, which specifies that the command shall only be executed if
       the address (or address-range) does not match.

       The following address types are supported:

       number Match only the specified line number.

       first~step
              Match every step’th line starting with line first.  For example,
              ‘‘sed -n 1~2p’’ will print all the  odd-numbered  lines  in  the
              input  stream,  and the address 2~5 will match every fifth line,
              starting with the second.  first can be zero; in this case,  sed
              operates as if it were equal to step.  (This is an extension.)

       $      Match the last line.

       /regexp/
              Match lines matching the regular expression regexp.

       \cregexpc
              Match  lines  matching the regular expression regexp.  The c may
              be any character.

       GNU sed also supports some special 2-address forms:

       0,addr2
              Start out in "matched  first  address"  state,  until  addr2  is
              found.  This is similar to 1,addr2, except that if addr2 matches
              the very first line of input the 0,addr2 form will be at the end
              of  its  range,  whereas  the  1,addr2 form will still be at the
              beginning of its range.  This works only when addr2 is a regular
              expression.

       addr1,+N
              Will match addr1 and the N lines following addr1.

       addr1,~N
              Will  match  addr1  and the lines following addr1 until the next
              line whose input line number is a multiple of N.

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
       POSIX.2 BREs should be supported, but they aren’t completely because of
       performance  problems.  The \n sequence in a regular expression matches
       the newline character, and similarly for \a, \t, and other sequences.

BUGS
       E-mail bug reports to bonzini@gnu.org.  Be sure  to  include  the  word
       ‘‘sed’’  somewhere in the ‘‘Subject:’’ field.  Also, please include the
       output of ‘‘sed --version’’ in the body of your report if at all possi-
       ble.

COPYRIGHT
       Copyright © 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
       This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is
       NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR  A  PARTICULAR
       PURPOSE, to the extent permitted by law.

       GNU  sed  home  page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/sed/>.  General help
       using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>.  E-mail bug  reports
       to: <bug-gnu-utils@gnu.org>.  Be sure to include the word ‘‘sed’’ some-
       where in the ‘‘Subject:’’ field.

SEE ALSO
       awk(1), ed(1), grep(1), tr(1),  perlre(1),  sed.info,  any  of  various
       books on sed, the sed FAQ (http://sed.sf.net/grabbag/tutorials/sed-
       faq.txt), http://sed.sf.net/grabbag/.

       The full documentation for sed is maintained as a Texinfo manual.  If
       the info and sed programs are properly installed at your site, the com-
       mand

              info sed

       should give you access to the complete manual.



sed version 4.2.1                 March 2012                            SED(1)

리눅스 기본명령어 - sed #

     # sed "s/hello/goodbye" in.file

  위의 명령어는 in.file이라는 화일에 있는 각 라인에서 첫번째 등장하는 hello라는 문자열을 goodbye로

  교체한 후 그 라인을 표준 출력에 출력한다.

     # echo "1234hello5678" | sed "s/hello/goodbye/"

  대치 명령어를 따옴표로 둘러싸야 올바로 사용할 수 있다. 여기서 문자열은 정규식으로 표현될수 도 있다.

  그외에도 sed명령어에는 여러 가지 연산자를 사용할 수 있다. 다음의 명령어를 사용하면 hello라는 

  문자열을 포함하고 있는 모든 문자열을 삭제할 수 있다.

     # sed "/hello/d" in.file

  위 명령어의 의미는 "hello라는 문자열을 포함하고 있는 라인을 찾아 그 라인을 삭제하라"는 것이다.

  이 sed 명령어는 다음 명령어와 같은 의미이다.

     # grep -v hello in.file

  라인을 전부 삭제하지 않고 hello라는 문자열만을 삭제하려면 다음 명령어를 사용하다.

     # sed "s/hello//" in.file

  ed와 같이 sed에서도 화일의 일부만을 대상으로 작업하는 경우는 라인의 범위를 지정할 수 있다.

     # sed "3,7s/hello//" in.file

  위의 명령어는 in.file이라는 화일의 라인3에서 7까지만을 대상으로 첫번째 hello를 삭제하고 화일의 

  그 외의 부분은 변경시키지 않는다. 또한 다음과 같이 사용하면 라인 번호 대신 문맥을 범위로  

  지정할 수 있다.

     # sed "/hello/,/goodbye/s/bad/good/g" in.file

  위의 명령어는 hello라는 단어를 포함하고 있는 첫번째 라인부터 goodbye라는 단어를 포함하고 있는

  라인까지 검색하면서 bad라는 문자열을 모두 good으로 변경한다.

  또한 문자열 goodbye를 만난 이후에도 다시 다른 hello가 등장하면 다음 goodbye가 나올 때까지 대치 

  작업은 반복된다.

  sed명령어의 기능은 지금까지 우리가 살펴본 것보다 더 강력하다.

  sed명령어의 -f(file)선택자를 사용하면 명령어를 일일이 키보드에서 입력하지 않고 하나의 화일에

  기억시켜 놓고 사용할 수도 있다.

     # sed -f command.file in.file

  여러 개의 명령어를 연속적으로 자주 사용할 때 이 명령어 화일이 유용하게 사용된다.

  예를 들어 다음과 같은복수 개의 명령어가 화일에 기억되어 있는 경우는

     # vi command.file

       s/hello/goodbye

       s/good/bad

  다음과 같은 명령어를 입력하면

     # echo "1234hello5678" | sed -f command.file 

  다음과 같이 출력된다.

     # echo "1234hello5678" | sed -f command.file

       1234badbye5678

o sed 기본

     # sed '' ljs --> cat ljs 와 동일

o sed 편집 명령어

      일상적인 sed 명령

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

     a\          다음 라인(들)을 적용될 라인들에 부가한다  (라인뒤)

     c\          적용될 라인들을 다음 라인(들)로 변경한다  (라인 대체)

     d           적용될 라인들을 삭제한다

     g           단지 첫번째의 것만이 아니라 라인의 모든 부합 패턴 대체가 적용 되게 한다  

     i\          다음 라인(들)을 적용될 라인들 위에 삽입한다  (라인앞)

     p           - n 옵션하에 있을지라도, 라인을 프린트한다

     q           명시된 라인에 도달할 때 중지한다

     r filename  filename을 판독한다. 내용을 출력에 부가한다

     s/old/new/  "old"를 "new"로 대체한다

     =           라인 번호를 프린트한다

     !command    라인이 선택되지 않는 경우 command를 적용한다.

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 라인 명시

  sed명령은 두가지 방법을 사용한다. 첫 번째는 번지를 번호로 명시하는것이다.

  여러분은 특정한 라인을 가리키기 위해 단일 번호를 사용할 수 있다. 

     # sed '3d' ljs  --> 세번째 라인을 삭제

  또는, 라인들의 범위를 가리키기 위해 콤마(,)로 분리된 두 번호들을 사용할 수 있다.

     # sed '2,4 s/e/#/' ljs  --> 대체 명령은 단지 2-4 라인들에만 적용된다. (단순 대체 명령은 라인에서

                                 첫번째 어커런스에만 적용된다는 점을 기억하라. 따라서 각 적용 라인의

                                 첫 번째 e만이 #로 대체된다)

     # sed -n '/kingdom/p' ljs  --> kingdom이 들어있는 line만 프린트

     # sed '/kingdom/p' ljs  --> 모든 line이 나타나고 그와 동시에 kingdom line이 중복해서 나타남

     # sed '[Pp]rincess/d' ljs  --> princess 또는 Princess를 포함하고 있는 라인들을 삭제함

     # sed '1,/fragrant/d' ljs  --> 라인 1로부터 fragrant를 포함하고 있는 첫번째 라인까지의 모든

                                    라인들을 삭제함

o sed 명령 하이라이트

     # more ljs

       I am a boy

       You are a girk

       He is a doctor

     # sed 'a\\

       Hey la la\! Doo de dah\!' ljs  --> 각 라인뒤에다 Hey la la!를 입력

        I am a boy

        Hey !

        You are a girk

        Hey !

        He is a doctor

        Hey !

     # sed 'a\\

       Oh\! good\\  --> \\을 사용함으로써 하나 이상의 라인들을 부가할 수 있다

       yeh' ljs 

     # sed '3a\\

       Good Morning' ljs  --> 3 line뒤에다 내용 삽입

     # sed 'c\\

       Oh marvelous delight! sing to me! ' ljs  --> 기존의 라인들을 이것으로 대체시킴

       Oh marvelous delight! sing to me!

       Oh marvelous delight! sing to me!

       Oh marvelous delight! sing to me!

     # sed '2q' ljs  = sed 2q ljs --> q명령은 편집기로 하여금 그것이 명시된 라인에 도착한 뒤

                                      중지하게 한다. 즉 2라인만 보여줌

     # sed -n '1s/a/#/gp' ljs  --> 전체적으로 바꿔줌

o sed의 패턴-부합

      패턴-부합에 대한 sed메타 문자

     -------------------------------------------------------------------

       메타 문자            작    용

     -------------------------------------------------------------------

       \              다음 문자의 특수한 의미를 부정한다

       ^              라인의 시작과 부합한다

       $              라인의 끝과 부합한다

       .              어떠한 단일 문자와도 부합한다

       [ ]            둘러싸인 문자들 중의 어느 하나와 부합한다

       [^...]         ...리스트에 없는 어떠한 문자와도 부합한다

       pat*           0 또는 그 이상의 pat 어커런스들과 부합한다

                      여기에서 pat는 단일문자 또는 [ ]패턴이다

       &              s 명령의 newpattern부분에서 사용되어 oldpattern

                      부분의 재 산출을 나타낸다

     -------------------------------------------------------------------

o 간략한 예

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    명 령         결  과 

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

   /Second/       Second를 포함하고 있는 어떠한 라인과도 부합한다.

   /^Second/      Second로 시작하는 어떠한 라인과도 부합한다.

   /^$/          공백라인, 즉 라인의 시작과 끝 사이에 아무것도 없는 라인과 부합한다.

                  이것은 공백 스페이스들로 된 라인과는 부합하지 않는바, 스페이스 자체가

                  문자이기 때문이다.

   /c.t/          cat, cot, 기타 등을 포함하고 있는 라인들과 부합한다. 이 패턴은 단어의

                  일부일 수 있음에 유의하라. 예를 들어, apricot와 acute도 부합된다.

   /./            적어도 한 문자를 포함하고 있는 라인들과 부합한다.

   /\./           피리어드를 포함하고 있는 라인들과 부합한다. \는 .의 특수한 의미를 부정

   /s[oa]p/       sop또는 sap와는 부합하지만 sip 또는 sup와는 부합하지 않는다.

   /s[ ^oa]p/     sip또는 sup와는 부합하지만 sop또는 sap와는 부합하지 않는다.

   s/cow/s&s/     cow를 scows로 대체한다.

   /co*t/         * --> 어떠한 수

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

o 간단한 sed 해법

     # sed '/^$/d' ljs  --> 모든 공백 라인 제거

     # sed '/^ *$/d' --> space로 만들어진 공백까지 제거 (조심! ^와 *사이에 공백이 있어야 한다)

     # sed 'a\\

       ' ljs   --> 각 line마다 공백라인 추가

     # sed '/^#/d' ljs  --> 첫번째 열에 #을 가진 라인 제거

     # sed 's/^/     /' ljs  --> 각 line의 시작을 5 space로 대체

o 다중 명령

     # sed 's/Bob/Robert/g\

            s/Pat/Patricia/g' ljs  --> sh을 사용하는 경우에는 \을 생략하라

     # sed 's/cat/dog/g\

            s/dog/pigs/g' ljs  --> 먼저 모든 cats를 dogs로 변환한 다음에 모든 dogs를 pigs로 변환한다.

     # sed 's/Bob/Robert/g\

            s/Pat[^a-z]/Patricia/g' ljs  --> ^a-z은 a에서 z까지의 문자들이 아닌 모든 문자를 

                                             의미한다는 점을 상기하라

o 태그

  위에서 Pat!와 같은 것이 발견될때 !를 포함한 전체 문자열이 Patricia로 대체되므로 !가 소실된다.

  우리는 !를 유지하면서 Pat를 대체하는 방법을 필요로 한다. 우리는 이것을 태그(tag)를 사용하여

  수행할 수 있다. 패턴의 일부를 "태그"하려면, 그것을 좌측에는 \(로 우측에는 \)로 둘러싸라.

  그 다음에, 명령의 newpattern부분에서, 여러분은 그렇게 둘러싸인 패턴의 첫 번째 것은 \1로,

  두번째 것은 \2 등으로 인용할 수 있다. 이 방법을 사용하면 다음의 명령이 부여된다.

      # sed 's/\(Pat\)\([^a-z]\)/\1ricia\2/g' ljs

o 쉘 스크립트와 sed

      # vi twospace

        sed 'a\\

        ' $*   --> $*은 모든 인자들을 나타냄

      # twospace ljs | pr | lpr

   위 예는 sed가 어떻게 하여 UNIX 프로그래밍과 쉘 스크립트에 적합한가를 나타낸다.

VIM(1)                                                                  VIM(1)



NAME
       vim - Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor

SYNOPSIS
       vim [options] [file ..]
       vim [options] -
       vim [options] -t tag
       vim [options] -q [errorfile]

       ex gex
       view
       gvim gview vimx evim eview
       rvim rview rgvim rgview

DESCRIPTION
       Vim  is a text editor that is upwards compatible to Vi.  It can be used
       to edit all kinds of plain text.  It is especially useful  for  editing
       programs.

       There  are a lot of enhancements above Vi: multi level undo, multi win-
       dows and buffers, syntax highlighting, command line  editing,  filename
       completion,   on-line   help,   visual  selection,  etc..   See  ":help
       vi_diff.txt" for a summary of the differences between Vim and Vi.

       While running Vim a lot of help can be obtained from the  on-line  help
       system,  with the ":help" command.  See the ON-LINE HELP section below.

       Most often Vim is started to edit a single file with the command

            vim file

       More generally Vim is started with:

            vim [options] [filelist]

       If the filelist is missing, the editor will start with an empty buffer.
       Otherwise  exactly  one out of the following four may be used to choose
       one or more files to be edited.

       file ..     A list of filenames.  The first one  will  be  the  current
                   file  and  read  into the buffer.  The cursor will be posi-
                   tioned on the first line of the buffer.  You can get to the
                   other  files with the ":next" command.  To edit a file that
                   starts with a dash, precede the filelist with "--".

       -           The file to edit is read from  stdin.   Commands  are  read
                   from stderr, which should be a TTY.

       -t {tag}    The file to edit and the initial cursor position depends on
                   a "tag", a sort of goto label.  {tag} is looked up  in  the
                   tags file, the associated file becomes the current file and
                   the associated command is executed.  Mostly  this  is  used
                   for  C  programs,  in  which case {tag} could be a function
                   name.  The effect is that the file containing that function
                   becomes  the  current  file and the cursor is positioned on
                   the start of the function.  See ":help tag-commands".

       -q [errorfile]
                   Start in quickFix mode.  The file [errorfile] is  read  and
                   the  first  error is displayed.  If [errorfile] is omitted,
                   the  filename  is  obtained  from  the  ’errorfile’  option
                   (defaults  to  "AztecC.Err"  for the Amiga, "errors.err" on
                   other systems).  Further errors can be jumped to  with  the
                   ":cn" command.  See ":help quickfix".

       Vim behaves differently, depending on the name of the command (the exe-
       cutable may still be the same file).

       vim       The "normal" way, everything is default.

       ex        Start in Ex mode.  Go to Normal mode with the ":vi"  command.
                 Can also be done with the "-e" argument.

       view      Start  in read-only mode.  You will be protected from writing
                 the files.  Can also be done with the "-R" argument.

       gvim gview
                 The GUI version.  Starts a new window.

       gex       Starts a new gvim window in Ex mode. Can also  be  done  with
                 the "-e" argument to gvim

       vimx      Starts  gvim  in  "Vi"  mode similar to "vim", but with addi-
                 tional features like xterm clipboard support

       evim eview
                 The GUI version in easy mode.  Starts a new window.  Can also
                 be done with the "-y" argument.

       rvim rview rgvim rgview
                 Like the above, but with restrictions.  It will not be possi-
                 ble to start shell commands, or suspend  Vim.   Can  also  be
                 done with the "-Z" argument.

OPTIONS
       The  options  may  be  given  in  any order, before or after filenames.
       Options without an argument can be combined after a single dash.

       +[num]      For the first file the cursor will be  positioned  on  line
                   "num".   If "num" is missing, the cursor will be positioned
                   on the last line.

       +/{pat}     For the first file the cursor will  be  positioned  on  the
                   first  occurrence of {pat}.  See ":help search-pattern" for
                   the available search patterns.

       +{command}

       -c {command}
                   {command} will be executed after the first  file  has  been
                   read.   {command}  is interpreted as an Ex command.  If the
                   {command} contains spaces it must  be  enclosed  in  double
                   quotes  (this depends on the shell that is used).  Example:
                   Vim "+set si" main.c
                   Note: You can use up to 10 "+" or "-c" commands.

       -S {file}   {file} will be sourced after the first file has been  read.
                   This  is  equivalent  to -c "source {file}".  {file} cannot
                   start with ’-’.  If {file} is omitted "Session.vim" is used
                   (only works when -S is the last argument).

       --cmd {command}
                   Like  using  "-c",  but the command is executed just before
                   processing any vimrc file.  You can use up to 10  of  these
                   commands, independently from "-c" commands.

       -A          If  Vim  has  been compiled with ARABIC support for editing
                   right-to-left oriented files and Arabic  keyboard  mapping,
                   this  option  starts  Vim  in Arabic mode, i.e. ’arabic’ is
                   set.  Otherwise an error message is given and Vim aborts.

       -b          Binary mode.  A few options will be set that makes it  pos-
                   sible to edit a binary or executable file.

       -C          Compatible.   Set  the ’compatible’ option.  This will make
                   Vim behave mostly  like  Vi,  even  though  a  .vimrc  file
                   exists.

       -d          Start  in  diff  mode.   There should be two, three or four
                   file name arguments.  Vim will open all the files and  show
                   differences between them.  Works like vimdiff(1).

       -d {device} Open  {device}  for  use as a terminal.  Only on the Amiga.
                   Example: "-d con:20/30/600/150".

       -D          Debugging.  Go to debugging mode when executing  the  first
                   command from a script.

       -e          Start  Vim  in Ex mode, just like the executable was called
                   "ex".

       -E          Start Vim in improved Ex mode, just like the executable was
                   called "exim".

       -f          Foreground.   For  the  GUI  version, Vim will not fork and
                   detach from the shell it was started in.  On the Amiga, Vim
                   is  not restarted to open a new window.  This option should
                   be used when Vim is executed by a program  that  will  wait
                   for  the  edit session to finish (e.g. mail).  On the Amiga
                   the ":sh" and ":!" commands will not work.

       --nofork    Foreground.  For the GUI version, Vim  will  not  fork  and
                   detach from the shell it was started in.

       -F          If  Vim  has  been  compiled with FKMAP support for editing
                   right-to-left oriented files and  Farsi  keyboard  mapping,
                   this  option  starts  Vim  in  Farsi mode, i.e. ’fkmap’ and
                   ’rightleft’ are set.  Otherwise an error message  is  given
                   and Vim aborts.

       -g          If  Vim  has  been  compiled  with GUI support, this option
                   enables the GUI.  If no GUI support  was  compiled  in,  an
                   error message is given and Vim aborts.

       -h          Give  a  bit  of  help about the command line arguments and
                   options.  After this Vim exits.

       -H          If Vim has been compiled with RIGHTLEFT support for editing
                   right-to-left  oriented  files and Hebrew keyboard mapping,
                   this option starts Vim in Hebrew  mode,  i.e.  ’hkmap’  and
                   ’rightleft’  are  set.  Otherwise an error message is given
                   and Vim aborts.

       -i {viminfo}
                   When using the viminfo file is enabled,  this  option  sets
                   the  filename  to use, instead of the default "~/.viminfo".
                   This can also be used to skip the use of the .viminfo file,
                   by giving the name "NONE".

       -L          Same as -r.

       -l          Lisp mode.  Sets the ’lisp’ and ’showmatch’ options on.

       -m          Modifying  files  is  disabled.  Resets the ’write’ option.
                   You can still modify the buffer, but writing a file is  not
                   possible.

       -M          Modifications  not  allowed.   The ’modifiable’ and ’write’
                   options will be unset, so that changes are not allowed  and
                   files  can  not be written.  Note that these options can be
                   set to enable making modifications.

       -N          No-compatible mode.  Reset the ’compatible’  option.   This
                   will  make Vim behave a bit better, but less Vi compatible,
                   even though a .vimrc file does not exist.

       -n          No swap file will be used.  Recovery after a crash will  be
                   impossible.   Handy  if  you  want to edit a file on a very
                   slow medium (e.g. floppy).  Can also  be  done  with  ":set
                   uc=0".  Can be undone with ":set uc=200".

       -nb         Become  an  editor  server  for NetBeans.  See the docs for
                   details.

       -o[N]       Open N windows stacked.  When N is omitted, open one window
                   for each file.

       -O[N]       Open  N  windows side by side.  When N is omitted, open one
                   window for each file.

       -p[N]       Open N tab pages.  When N is omitted, open one tab page for
                   each file.

       -R          Read-only  mode.   The  ’readonly’ option will be set.  You
                   can still edit the buffer, but will be prevented from acci-
                   dentally overwriting a file.  If you do want to overwrite a
                   file, add an exclamation mark to  the  Ex  command,  as  in
                   ":w!".   The  -R  option  also  implies  the -n option (see
                   below).  The ’readonly’ option  can  be  reset  with  ":set
                   noro".  See ":help ’readonly’".

       -r          List  swap  files,  with  information  about using them for
                   recovery.

       -r {file}   Recovery mode.  The swap file is used to recover a  crashed
                   editing  session.   The  swap  file is a file with the same
                   filename as the text file with ".swp" appended.  See ":help
                   recovery".

       -s          Silent  mode.   Only  when started as "Ex" or when the "-e"
                   option was given before the "-s" option.

       -s {scriptin}
                   The script file {scriptin} is read.  The characters in  the
                   file  are  interpreted  as if you had typed them.  The same
                   can be done with the command ":source! {scriptin}".  If the
                   end of the file is reached before the editor exits, further
                   characters are read from the keyboard.

       -T {terminal}
                   Tells Vim the name of the terminal  you  are  using.   Only
                   required  when the automatic way doesn’t work.  Should be a
                   terminal known to Vim (builtin) or defined in  the  termcap
                   or terminfo file.

       -u {vimrc}  Use  the  commands in the file {vimrc} for initializations.
                   All the other initializations are  skipped.   Use  this  to
                   edit  a special kind of files.  It can also be used to skip
                   all initializations by giving the name "NONE".  See  ":help
                   initialization" within vim for more details.

       -U {gvimrc} Use  the  commands in the file {gvimrc} for GUI initializa-
                   tions.  All the other GUI initializations are skipped.   It
                   can  also be used to skip all GUI initializations by giving
                   the name "NONE".  See ":help gui-init" within vim for  more
                   details.

       -V[N]       Verbose.   Give  messages about which files are sourced and
                   for reading and writing a viminfo file.  The optional  num-
                   ber N is the value for ’verbose’.  Default is 10.

       -v          Start  Vim  in Vi mode, just like the executable was called
                   "vi".  This only has effect when the executable  is  called
                   "ex".

       -w {scriptout}
                   All  the  characters that you type are recorded in the file
                   {scriptout}, until you exit Vim.  This  is  useful  if  you
                   want  to  create  a script file to be used with "vim -s" or
                   ":source!".  If the {scriptout} file exists, characters are
                   appended.

       -W {scriptout}
                   Like -w, but an existing file is overwritten.

       -x          Use encryption when writing files.  Will prompt for a crypt
                   key.

       -X          Don’t connect to the X server.  Shortens startup time in  a
                   terminal,  but  the  window title and clipboard will not be
                   used.

       -y          Start Vim in easy mode, just like the executable was called
                   "evim"  or "eview".  Makes Vim behave like a click-and-type
                   editor.

       -Z          Restricted mode.  Works like  the  executable  starts  with
                   "r".

       --          Denotes  the end of the options.  Arguments after this will
                   be handled as a file name.  This can  be  used  to  edit  a
                   filename that starts with a ’-’.

       --echo-wid  GTK GUI only: Echo the Window ID on stdout.

       --help      Give a help message and exit, just like "-h".

       --literal   Take  file  name  arguments  literally, do not expand wild-
                   cards.  This has no effect on Unix where the shell  expands
                   wildcards.

       --noplugin  Skip loading plugins.  Implied by -u NONE.

       --remote    Connect to a Vim server and make it edit the files given in
                   the rest of the arguments.  If no server is found a warning
                   is given and the files are edited in the current Vim.

       --remote-expr {expr}
                   Connect  to  a  Vim server, evaluate {expr} in it and print
                   the result on stdout.

       --remote-send {keys}
                   Connect to a Vim server and send {keys} to it.

       --remote-silent
                   As --remote, but without the  warning  when  no  server  is
                   found.

       --remote-wait
                   As  --remote,  but  Vim  does not exit until the files have
                   been edited.

       --remote-wait-silent
                   As --remote-wait, but without the warning when no server is
                   found.

       --remote-tab[-wait][-silent]
                   As --remote but use tab page per file

       --role      Set a unique role to identify the main window

       --serverlist
                   List the names of all Vim servers that can be found.

       --servername {name}
                   Use  {name}  as the server name.  Used for the current Vim,
                   unless used with a --remote argument, then it’s the name of
                   the server to connect to.

       --socketid {id}
                   GTK  GUI  only:  Use  the  GtkPlug mechanism to run gvim in
                   another window.

       --version   Print version information and exit.

ON-LINE HELP
       Type ":help" in Vim to get started.  Type ":help subject" to  get  help
       on  a  specific  subject.   For example: ":help ZZ" to get help for the
       "ZZ" command.  Use <Tab> and CTRL-D to complete subjects  (":help  cmd-
       line-completion").   Tags are present to jump from one place to another
       (sort of hypertext links, see ":help").  All documentation files can be
       viewed in this way, for example ":help syntax.txt".

FILES
       /usr/share/vim/vim74/doc/*.txt
                      The  Vim documentation files.  Use ":help doc-file-list"
                      to get the complete list.

       /usr/share/vim/vim74/doc/tags
                      The tags file used for finding information in the  docu-
                      mentation files.

       /usr/share/vim/vim74/syntax/syntax.vim
                      System wide syntax initializations.

       /usr/share/vim/vim74/syntax/*.vim
                      Syntax files for various languages.

       /etc/vimrc     System wide Vim initializations.

       ~/.vimrc       Your personal Vim initializations.

       /etc/gvimrc    System wide gvim initializations.

       ~/.gvimrc      Your personal gvim initializations.

       /usr/share/vim/vim74/optwin.vim
                      Script  used  for  the ":options" command, a nice way to
                      view and set options.

       /usr/share/vim/vim74/menu.vim
                      System wide menu initializations for gvim.

       /usr/share/vim/vim74/bugreport.vim
                      Script to generate a bug report.  See ":help bugs".

       /usr/share/vim/vim74/filetype.vim
                      Script to detect the type of a file by  its  name.   See
                      ":help ’filetype’".

       /usr/share/vim/vim74/scripts.vim
                      Script  to  detect  the  type of a file by its contents.
                      See ":help ’filetype’".

       /usr/share/vim/vim74/print/*.ps
                      Files used for PostScript printing.

       For recent info read the VIM home page:
       <URL:http://www.vim.org/>

SEE ALSO
       vimtutor(1)

AUTHOR
       Most of Vim was made by Bram Moolenaar, with a lot of help from others.
       See ":help credits" in Vim.
       Vim  is  based  on Stevie, worked on by: Tim Thompson, Tony Andrews and
       G.R. (Fred) Walter.  Although hardly any of the original code  remains.

BUGS
       Probably.  See ":help todo" for a list of known problems.

       Note  that a number of things that may be regarded as bugs by some, are
       in fact caused by a too-faithful reproduction of Vi’s  behaviour.   And
       if  you  think  other things are bugs "because Vi does it differently",
       you should take a closer look at the vi_diff.txt file  (or  type  :help
       vi_diff.txt  when  in  Vim).   Also have a look at the ’compatible’ and
       ’cpoptions’ options.



                                  2006 Apr 11                           VIM(1)